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Awesome-Agent-Memory

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Rethinking Memory Mechanisms of Foundation Agents in the Second Half: A Survey


Figure 1: Roadmap of foundation agent memory (2023–2025)

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📌 Introduction

As AI enters the second half, the core challenge shifts from chasing benchmark gains to delivering real utility in long-horizon, dynamic, and user-dependent environments—where agents face context explosion and must continuously accumulate, manage, and selectively reuse information across extended interactions.

This repository accompanies the survey Rethinking Memory Mechanisms of Foundation Agents in the Second Half: A Survey. The survey is based on a systematic literature collection and curates 218 key articles published between 2023 Q1 and 2025 Q4, and organizes foundation-agent memory via a unified taxonomy along three core design dimensions: memory substrates, cognitive mechanisms, and memory subjects. From a system perspective, it further analyzes memory operations in single-agent and multi-agent settings, highlights the growing role of learning memory policies, discusses scaling with context length and environment complexity, reviews evaluation metrics and benchmarks, and outlines six open challenges to guide next generation memory systems design.

💡 We will continuously update this repository with newly released papers and resources. Contributions and open new issues are highly welcome.

🗂️ Taxonomy

We categorize foundation agent memory along three orthogonal perspectives in Figure 2: Memory Substrate, Memory Cognitive Mechanism, and Memory Subject.


Figure 2: Taxonomy of Foundation Agent Memory — organized by (1) Memory Substrate (internal and external), (2) Memory Cognitive Mechanism (episodic, semantic, sensory, working, procedural), and (3) Memory Subject (user-centric and agent-centric).

1) Memory Substrate (What Form is Represented)

  • External memory: non-parametric stores (e.g., databases, vector stores, logs) that can be written/read by the agent.
  • Internal memory: information internalized into model states or parameters.

2) Memory Cognitive Mechanism (How Memory Functions)

  • Sensory memory: captures high-frequency, immediate or time-sensitive signals from recent inputs for rapid perception and filtering.
  • Working memory: maintains short-term, task-relevant variables (goals, intermediate states, tool results) to support ongoing reasoning and action.
  • Episodic memory: stores time-series interaction traces and experiences for later recall in similar situations.
  • Semantic memory: abstracts stable facts and concepts from experiences/knowledge sources to enable generalization beyond specific episodes.
  • Procedural memory: encodes reusable skills, routines, and action policies that improve how the agent acts over time.

3) Memory Subject (Who is Supported)

  • User-centric memory: persistent user facts, preferences, and interaction history for personalization.
  • Agent-centric memory: the agent’s own experience/trajectories/skills for task performance and self-improvement.

For memory operations & management, learning policies, scalability, and evaluation, please refer to Sections 4–7 of our survey.

🧑‍💻 Applications

Foundation agent memory is a key component for long-horizon performance and personalization across a wide range of real-world domains, including education, scientific research, gaming & simulation, robotics, dialog systems, healthcare, workflow automation, software engineering, online streaming & recommendation, information search, finance & accounting, and legal & consulting. In practice, these settings often require agents to accumulate experiences, distill reusable skills, and maintain coherent histories over time. Please refer to application in out survey for more details.


Figure 3: Applications of the Foundation Agent Memory System.

📑 Paper List

We curate and organize representative papers on foundation agent memory using the taxonomy in the survey (Substrate, Cognitive Mechanism, and Subject). Below is a structured list to help you quickly navigate the design space.

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arxiv.org/abs/2602.06052

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