Update Beam documentation to include Schema type mapping between various SDK languages

[damccorm]

Currently documentation regarding how language specific types map to Beam schema types and vice versa are scattered in different locations.

For example,

• Following describes how Python types map to Beam schema types.

https://beam.apache.org/releases/pydoc/2.32.0/apache_beam.typehints.schemas.html

•  Beam Programming Guides gives some details regarding types and few examples but this seems to be incomplete.

https://beam.apache.org/documentation/programming-guide/#schemas

•  Following has a table that describes how types from various languages relate to each other.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1uu9pJktzT_O3DxGd1-Q2op4nRk4HekIZbzi-0oTAips/edit#bookmark=id.tlciv62z2d9u

• There's limited documentation on using Python NamedTupes to properly create Beam Rows.

 

Ideally, we should extend the Beam Programming Guide (or create a new guide) to describe currently supported Schema types and how types from various SDK languages map to such types. We should also have enough examples to illustrate the usage.

 

Imported from Jira BEAM-13170. Original Jira may contain additional context.
Reported by: chamikara.