refactor: Improve SessionContext::parse_duration API

[erenavsarogullari]

Which issue does this PR close?

• Closes Improve SessionContext::parse_duration API #20815.

Rationale for this change

This is follow-up PR for #20371.

Similarly to SessionContext::parse_capacity_limit API, SessionContext::parse_duration API also needs to have following improvements:

1. Validation for empty or blank duration values:

SET datafusion.runtime.list_files_cache_ttl = ' '

Current:
DataFusion error: Error during planning: Failed to parse number from duration ' '

New:
DataFusion error: Error during planning: Duration should not be empty or blank for 'datafusion.runtime.list_files_cache_ttl'

2. Exposing config name in error messages,
3. Comprehensive test coverage for invalid durations,
4. Updating datafusion.runtime.list_files_cache_ttl documentation for other allowed settings.

What changes are included in this PR?

Explained in the first section.

Are these changes tested?

Yes, being extended existing test cases.

Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes, config name has been added to error message when the validation is failed.