[FLINK-17424][e2e] Adopt download strategy of Kafka tests in Elasticsearch tests

[twalthr]

What is the purpose of the change

Adds some retry and timeout logic to the Elasticsearch binary download logic.

Additionally, it cleans up the testing matrix a bit to make the e2e tests quicker on Azure.

Brief change log

See commit messages.

Verifying this change

This change is a trivial rework / code cleanup without any test coverage.

Does this pull request potentially affect one of the following parts:

• Dependencies (does it add or upgrade a dependency): no
• The public API, i.e., is any changed class annotated with @Public(Evolving): no
• The serializers: no
• The runtime per-record code paths (performance sensitive): no
• Anything that affects deployment or recovery: JobManager (and its components), Checkpointing, Kubernetes/Yarn/Mesos, ZooKeeper: no
• The S3 file system connector: no

Documentation

• Does this pull request introduce a new feature? no
• If yes, how is the feature documented? not applicable

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Automated Checks

Last check on commit f1a2500 (Tue Nov 17 17:59:29 UTC 2020)

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CI report:

• 0c28ec6 Azure: SUCCESS

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[leonardBang]

Thanks @twalthr for the contribution, I left only one minor comment

[leonardBang]

minor: after deleted the test for Es6, the version check can be ignored

[twalthr]

Thanks @leonardBang. I removed the version as a parameter. I will merge this if there are no objections.

[leonardBang]

Thanks for the update @twalthr , +1 to merge once the build pass