[FLINK-23579][table-runtime] Fix compile exception in hash functions with varbinary arguments

[tsreaper]

(This PR is cherry-picked from #16718)

What is the purpose of the change

Currently hash functions like MD5, SHA2, etc. fails to compile if the argument is a varbinary value. This PR fixes this issue.

Brief change log

• Fix compile exception in hash functions with varbinary arguments

Verifying this change

This change added tests and can be verified by running the added tests.

Does this pull request potentially affect one of the following parts:

• Dependencies (does it add or upgrade a dependency): no
• The public API, i.e., is any changed class annotated with @Public(Evolving): no
• The serializers: no
• The runtime per-record code paths (performance sensitive): no
• Anything that affects deployment or recovery: JobManager (and its components), Checkpointing, Kubernetes/Yarn, ZooKeeper: no
• The S3 file system connector: no

Documentation

• Does this pull request introduce a new feature? no
• If yes, how is the feature documented? not applicable

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Automated Checks

Last check on commit 911cf83 (Thu Aug 19 08:32:01 UTC 2021)

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• ❓ 1. The [description] looks good.
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• ❓ 5. Overall code [quality] is good.

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CI report:

• 911cf83 Azure: SUCCESS

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[JingsongLi]

+1