[FLINK-24421][table-runtime] Fix conversion of strings to TIME

[matriv]

What is the purpose of the change

Following calcite-avatica behaviour, fix the behaviour of parsing
string into unix time when the string is incomplete, missing 1 or
both : time units separator. Previously, minutes and seconds where
set to default value 1 instead of 0 when missing from the parsed
string. Issue was fixed in avatica with: apache/calcite-avatica@cac2ffa

Brief change log

• Apply the fix for parsing strings into time as in calcite-avatica

Verifying this change

This change added tests and can be verified as follows:

• Changed tests for CASTing string to TIME() which uses the method in question
• Added more tests to demonstrate better the behaviour for such edge cases

Does this pull request potentially affect one of the following parts:

• Dependencies (does it add or upgrade a dependency): no
• The public API, i.e., is any changed class annotated with @Public(Evolving): no
• The serializers: no
• The runtime per-record code paths (performance sensitive): no
• Anything that affects deployment or recovery: JobManager (and its components), Checkpointing, Kubernetes/Yarn, ZooKeeper: no
• The S3 file system connector: no

Documentation

• Does this pull request introduce a new feature? no
• If yes, how is the feature documented? not applicable

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Automated Checks

Last check on commit e024d45 (Wed Oct 06 09:42:56 UTC 2021)

Warnings:

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• ❓ 1. The [description] looks good.
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• ❓ 5. Overall code [quality] is good.

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CI report:

• e024d45 Azure: SUCCESS

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[twalthr]

LGTM will merge once the build is green