[FLINK-34070][test] Adds dedicated tests in MiniClusterITCase for scenarios where there are not enough slots available.

[XComp]

What is the purpose of the change

See FLINK-34070 for more context on this change.

Brief change log

• Adds dedicated test for no-resource-available handling through timeout
• Adds dedicated test for no-resource-available handling a request from the ResourceManager (and disabled it for the AdaptiveScheduler since it's not supported)

Verifying this change

• Two CI runs with DefaultScheduler and AdaptiveScheduler enabled

Does this pull request potentially affect one of the following parts:

• Dependencies (does it add or upgrade a dependency): no
• The public API, i.e., is any changed class annotated with @Public(Evolving): no
• The serializers: no
• The runtime per-record code paths (performance sensitive): no
• Anything that affects deployment or recovery: JobManager (and its components), Checkpointing, Kubernetes/Yarn, ZooKeeper: no
• The S3 file system connector: no

Documentation

• Does this pull request introduce a new feature? no
• If yes, how is the feature documented? not applicable

[flinkbot]

CI report:

• 44d3183 UNKNOWN
• a8c827b UNKNOWN
• 4e44b55 Azure: FAILURE

Bot commands

The @flinkbot bot supports the following commands:

• @flinkbot run azure re-run the last Azure build

[jiangxin369]

@XComp Thanks for the PR, LGTM overall, just some minor comments. Please take a look.

[snuyanzin]

Thanks for the fix @XComp
and thanks for the review @jiangxin369
also lgtm from my side

[XComp]

Thanks for the review @jiangxin369 and for the approval @snuyanzin . I'm gonna merge this one. The failure is caused by FLINK-34077 and, therefore, unrelated. I verified that the one test is disabled locally. 👍