[FLINK-38513][python]Fix pandas 2.3+ cp39 issue

[gaborgsomogyi]

What is the purpose of the change

This a backport of #27112.

Pandas 2.3+ drops cp39 wheels → sdist build fails on manylinux2014. In this PR I've upper bounded pandas to <2.3 to avoid the python 3.9 issue. The limit can be removed when we drop 3.9 support.

Brief change log

Upper bounded pandas to <2.3.

Verifying this change

Nightly pipeline run manually.

Does this pull request potentially affect one of the following parts:

• Dependencies (does it add or upgrade a dependency): yes
• The public API, i.e., is any changed class annotated with @Public(Evolving): no
• The serializers: no
• The runtime per-record code paths (performance sensitive): no
• Anything that affects deployment or recovery: JobManager (and its components), Checkpointing, Kubernetes/Yarn, ZooKeeper: no
• The S3 file system connector: no

Documentation

• Does this pull request introduce a new feature? no
• If yes, how is the feature documented? not applicable

[flinkbot]

CI report:

• 6f41927 Azure: SUCCESS

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