[BP-1.6][FLINK-12296][StateBackend] Fix local state directory collision with state loss for chained keyed operators

[klion26]

What is the purpose of the change

cherry-pick #8263 to release-1.6 manually.

Verifying this change

This change added tests and can be verified as follows:

flink-tests/src/test/java/org/apache/flink/test/state/StatefulOperatorChainedTaskTest.java#testMultipleStatefulOperatorChainedSnapshotAndRestore

Does this pull request potentially affect one of the following parts:

• Dependencies (does it add or upgrade a dependency): (yes / no)
• The public API, i.e., is any changed class annotated with @Public(Evolving): (yes / no)
• The serializers: (yes / no / don't know)
• The runtime per-record code paths (performance sensitive): (yes / no / don't know)
• Anything that affects deployment or recovery: JobManager (and its components), Checkpointing, Yarn/Mesos, ZooKeeper: (yes / no / don't know)
• The S3 file system connector: (yes / no / don't know)

Documentation

• Does this pull request introduce a new feature? (yes / no)
• If yes, how is the feature documented? (not applicable / docs / JavaDocs / not documented)

@StefanRRichter

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[klion26]

@flinkbot attention @StefanRRichter