Api: Harden Variant Reading

[steveloughran]

Hardens variant metadata and value data parsing

• long multiplication to avoid overflows
• reject metadata, array data or object data which extends beyond the range of the variant data in the file.

No checks on variant size (spark has this), or the depth limits of apache/parquet-java#3562 . I think that should be discussed there as to whether its appropriate at all, before copying.

No tests yet

Fixes #16334

[steveloughran]

test failures

1. regession: different exception (fix: assert differently for -Ve values)
2. others look all test suite setup, as you can no longer mimic a large array without creating a large array, etc

TestSerializedArray > testEmptyArray() FAILED
    java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Variant array offset table extends past buffer: numElements=0 offsetSize=1 remaining=2
        at org.apache.iceberg.relocated.com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument(Preconditions.java:484)
        at org.apache.iceberg.variants.SerializedArray.<init>(SerializedArray.java:70)
        at org.apache.iceberg.variants.SerializedArray.from(SerializedArray.java:43)
        at org.apache.iceberg.variants.SerializedArray.from(SerializedArray.java:34)
        at org.apache.iceberg.variants.TestSerializedArray.testEmptyArray(TestSerializedArray.java:58)

TestSerializedArray > testEmptyLargeArray() STARTED

TestSerializedArray > testEmptyLargeArray() FAILED
    java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Variant array offset table extends past buffer: numElements=0 offsetSize=1 remaining=5
        at org.apache.iceberg.relocated.com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument(Preconditions.java:484)
        at org.apache.iceberg.variants.SerializedArray.<init>(SerializedArray.java:70)
        at org.apache.iceberg.variants.SerializedArray.from(SerializedArray.java:43)
        at org.apache.iceberg.variants.SerializedArray.from(SerializedArray.java:34)
        at org.apache.iceberg.variants.TestSerializedArray.testEmptyLargeArray(TestSerializedArray.java:67)

TestSerializedArray > testArrayOfMixedTypes() STARTED

TestSerializedArray > testArrayOfMixedTypes() PASSED

TestSerializedArray > testLargeArraySize() STARTED

TestSerializedArray > testLargeArraySize() FAILED
    java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Variant array offset table extends past buffer: numElements=511 offsetSize=1 remaining=5
        at org.apache.iceberg.relocated.com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument(Preconditions.java:484)
        at org.apache.iceberg.variants.SerializedArray.<init>(SerializedArray.java:70)
        at org.apache.iceberg.variants.SerializedArray.from(SerializedArray.java:43)
        at org.apache.iceberg.variants.SerializedArray.from(SerializedArray.java:34)
        at org.apache.iceberg.variants.TestSerializedArray.testLargeArraySize(TestSerializedArray.java:183)

TestSerializedArray > testNegativeArraySize() STARTED

TestSerializedArray > testNegativeArraySize() FAILED
    java.lang.AssertionError: 
    Expecting actual throwable to be an instance of:
      java.lang.NegativeArraySizeException
    but was:
      java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Invalid variant array element count: -1
    	at org.apache.iceberg.relocated.com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument(Preconditions.java:192)
    	at org.apache.iceberg.variants.SerializedArray.<init>(SerializedArray.java:65)
    	at org.apache.iceberg.variants.SerializedArray.from(SerializedArray.java:43)
    	...(98 remaining lines not displayed - this can be changed with Assertions.setMaxStackTraceElementsDisplayed)
        at org.apache.iceberg.variants.TestSerializedArray.testNegativeArraySize(TestSerializedArray.java:197)