arch/sim: Translate Apple clock IDs for macOS sim

[toku-mac]

Summary

This PR fixes clock_gettime() compatibility for Rust on the macOS simulator.

On macOS sim, that Darwin clock ID can reach NuttX clock_gettime(), where it is outside the NuttX clockid_t namespace and fails with EINVAL. This causes Tokio-based Rust code to panic.

The fix keeps the common clock implementation using NuttX clock IDs, and adds a small optional architecture hook for translating clock IDs at the public clock_gettime() boundary.

Impact

Running hello_rust_cargo with nsh on macOS should no longer cause a panic.

Testing

I confirm that changes are verified on local setup and works as intended:

• Build Host(s): OS (macOS 26.5), CPU(Apple M1), compiler(Apple clang version 21.0.0)
• Target(s): arch(sim)
• Ensure your PATH environment variable is properly configured to allow execution of: menuconfig, olddefconfig, savedefconfig, and setconfig.
• Use the Rust toolchain version prior to nightly-2026-04-29 to avoid errors related to lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys/net/connection/socket/unix.rs.
• This PR is a successor of PR arch/sim: Handle Darwin clock IDs in clock_gettime() #18962.

Configuration and Build:

rm -rf build-debug
make distclean
cmake -S . -B build-debug -DBOARD_CONFIG=sim:nsh -GNinja

printf "CONFIG_SYSTEM_TIME64=y
CONFIG_FS_LARGEFILE=y
CONFIG_TLS_NELEM=16
CONFIG_DEV_URANDOM=y
CONFIG_EXAMPLES_HELLO_RUST_CARGO=y
CONFIG_EXAMPLES_HELLO_RUST_CARGO_STACKSIZE=8192
" >> build-debug/.config

cmake --build build-debug -t olddefconfig
cmake --build build-debug

Testing logs before change:

NuttShell (NSH) NuttX-12.13.0
nsh> hello_rust_cargo
{"name":"John","age":30}
{"name":"Jane","age":25}
Deserialized: Alice is 28 years old
Pretty JSON:
{
  "name": "Alice",
  "age": 28
}

thread '<unnamed>' (1797510) panicked at /Users/toku/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-2026-04-29-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys/pal/unix/time.rs:107:68:
called `Result::unwrap()` on an `Err` value: Os { code: 0, kind: Uncategorized, message: "Unknown error 0" }
note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable to display a backtrace

Testing logs after change:

NuttShell (NSH) NuttX-12.13.0
nsh> hello_rust_cargo
{"name":"John","age":30}
{"name":"Jane","age":25}
Deserialized: Alice is 28 years old
Pretty JSON:
{
  "name": "Alice",
  "age": 28
}
Hello world from tokio!

PR verification Self-Check

• My PR adheres to Contributing Guidelines and Documentation (git commit title and message, coding standard, etc).
• My PR is ready for review and can be safely merged into a codebase.

[xiaoxiang781216]

but, why rust tokio pass the macOS(not NuttX) clock id?

[toku-mac]

I see. I'll look into the implementation flow of tokio::time, std::time, and clock_gettime().