[fix][client] Make ClientBuilder serializable

[jiangpengcheng]

Fixes #25729

Motivation

Debezium sources need to serialize ClientBuilder, but it can't be serialized now

Modifications

Make the ClientBuilder serializable

Verifying this change

• Make sure that the change passes the CI checks.

This change added tests and can be verified as follows:

• Added unit tests testConfiguredAuthIsSerializable

Does this pull request potentially affect one of the following parts:

If the box was checked, please highlight the changes

• Dependencies (add or upgrade a dependency)
• The public API
• The schema
• The default values of configurations
• The threading model
• The binary protocol
• The REST endpoints
• The admin CLI options
• The metrics
• Anything that affects deployment