[SQL] [WIP] Switch internal catalog types to use URI instead of string for locationUri

[ericl]

What changes were proposed in this pull request?

This should help prevent accidental incorrect conversions between Path <-> URI.

How was this patch tested?

Existing tests.

[SparkQA]

Test build #70379 has finished for PR 16341 at commit 6e0cc04.

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[SparkQA]

Test build #70380 has finished for PR 16341 at commit 155f9ab.

• This patch fails Spark unit tests.
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• This patch adds no public classes.

[SparkQA]

Test build #70394 has finished for PR 16341 at commit bcdac16.

• This patch fails to build.
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• This patch adds no public classes.

[SparkQA]

Test build #70762 has finished for PR 16341 at commit 16b6030.

• This patch fails Spark unit tests.
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• This patch adds no public classes.

[SparkQA]

Test build #70824 has finished for PR 16341 at commit d4f4fe0.

• This patch fails Spark unit tests.
• This patch merges cleanly.
• This patch adds no public classes.

[SparkQA]

Test build #70934 has finished for PR 16341 at commit 0388ae4.

• This patch fails Spark unit tests.
• This patch merges cleanly.
• This patch adds no public classes.

[SparkQA]

Test build #70978 has finished for PR 16341 at commit a47e724.

• This patch fails to build.
• This patch merges cleanly.
• This patch adds no public classes.

[SparkQA]

Test build #71236 has finished for PR 16341 at commit 23b30b9.

• This patch fails Spark unit tests.
• This patch merges cleanly.
• This patch adds no public classes.