[SPARK-51553][SQL] Modify EXTRACT to support TIME data type

[vinodkc]

This PR

1. Modifies the EXTRACT method to support the TIME data type.

Supported values of field when source is TIME:

HOUR, H, HOURS, HR, HRS: The hour field (0 - 23)
MINUTE, M, MIN, MINS, MINUTES: The minutes field (0 - 59)
SECOND, S, SEC, SECONDS, SECS: The seconds field, including fractional parts (a DECIMAL(8, 6))

scala> spark.sql("SELECT extract(HOUR FROM time'09:08:01.987654')").show
+-----------------------------------------+
|extract(HOUR FROM TIME '09:08:01.987654')|
+-----------------------------------------+
|                                        9|
+-----------------------------------------+

scala> spark.sql("SELECT extract(MINUTE FROM time'09:08:01.987654')").show
+-------------------------------------------+
|extract(MINUTE FROM TIME '09:08:01.987654')|
+-------------------------------------------+
|                                          8|
+-------------------------------------------+

scala> spark.sql("SELECT extract(SECOND FROM time'09:08:01.987654')").show
+-------------------------------------------+
|extract(SECOND FROM TIME '09:08:01.987654')|
+-------------------------------------------+
|                                   1.987654|
+-------------------------------------------+

With TimeType precisions 0 to 6

spark.sql("""select
extract(SECOND FROM cast('09:08:01.987654' as time(0))) as t0,
extract(SECOND FROM cast('09:08:01.987654' as time(1))) as t1,
extract(SECOND FROM cast('09:08:01.987654' as time(2))) as t2,
extract(SECOND FROM cast('09:08:01.987654' as time(3))) as t3,
extract(SECOND FROM cast('09:08:01.987654' as time(4))) as t4,
extract(SECOND FROM cast('09:08:01.987654' as time(5))) as t5,
extract(SECOND FROM cast('09:08:01.987654' as time(6))) as t6
""").show
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|      t0|      t1|      t2|      t3|      t4|      t5|      t6|
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|1.000000|1.900000|1.980000|1.987000|1.987600|1.987650|1.987654|
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+

Note : secondoftime_with_fraction added to support seconds with fraction in the built-in function extract()
eg:
SELECT extract(SECOND FROM time'09:08:01.987654')

What changes were proposed in this pull request?

Why are the changes needed?

SPIP: Add the TIME data type SPARK-51162

Does this PR introduce any user-facing change?

Yes, this PR modified the existing built-in function extract to support TimeType. Also added a new built-in function secondoftime_with_fraction to get second of time with the fraction.

How was this patch tested?

Manual testing, as shown above, and UTs added:

build/sbt "sql/testOnly *ExpressionsSchemaSuite" 
build/sbt "test:testOnly *TimeExpressionsSuite.scala"
build/sbt "test:testOnly *SQLQuerySuite.scala"

Was this patch authored or co-authored using generative AI tooling?

No

[vinodkc]

@MaxGekk , Could you please review this PR?

[MaxGekk]

+1, LGTM. Merging to master.
Thank you, @vinodkc.