[SPARK-55983][SQL] New single-pass analyzer functionality and bugfixes

[mihailotim-db]

What changes were proposed in this pull request?

This PR implements core single-pass resolver infrastructure and bugfixes. The single-pass resolver is an alternative to the traditional fixed-point (iterative) analyzer that resolves SQL plans in a single bottom-up traversal.

Key changes:

New infrastructure:

• OperatorResolutionContext and OperatorResolutionContextStack for tracking operator-level state
  during resolution (HAVING tracking, subquery aggregate push-down, grouping analytics)
• NameResolutionParameters for bundling name resolution flags (LCA access, hidden output, view
  resolution, extract value keys, etc.)
• ResolverGuardResult structured result type replacing boolean return from ResolverGuard
• NonDeterministicExpressionCheck as a single-pass-only resolution check
• RetainsOriginalJoinOutput trait for preserving join output when metadata columns change child
  projections
• AliasKind enum for distinguishing alias types during resolution
• TryExtractOrdinal utility for ordinal extraction from expressions

Core improvements:

• Extended ExpressionResolutionContext with window expression tracking (nestedness level, window
  function/spec flags, parent context)
• Enriched NameScope with variable resolution, extract value extraction keys, aggregate expression
  alias lookup, and hidden output improvements
• Improved HavingResolver to handle aggregate expressions extracted from subqueries and window +
  HAVING interaction patterns
• Extended ExpressionIdAssigner with subquery expression ID remapping and outer reference mapping
• Expanded ResolverGuard to support lambda functions, star-with-target, regex columns, COALESCE with
  star, and multi-part TVF names
• Moved plan rewrite rules (CleanupAliases, PullOutNondeterministic, PruneMetadataColumns) from
  ResolverRunner to Resolver.lookupMetadataAndResolve for correct per-view config handling
• Improved HybridAnalyzer tentative mode with comprehensive fallback handling
• Various improvements to aggregate resolution, sort resolution, join resolution, set operation
  resolution, and subquery expression resolution

Why are the changes needed?

To bring the Apache Spark single-pass analyzer closer to feature parity with the fixed-point analyzer implementation, enabling:

1. Correct resolution of window expressions, HAVING clauses with windows, and complex aggregate
   patterns
2. Proper operator-level context tracking during resolution
3. Better name resolution with variable support, extract value keys, and hidden output handling
4. Structured guard results for cleaner tentative mode fallback logic
5. Foundation for future features like nested correlated subquery support

Does this PR introduce any user-facing change?

No. The single-pass analyzer is behind feature flags (spark.sql.analyzer.singlePassResolver.enabled
and spark.sql.analyzer.singlePassResolver.enabled.tentatively) and is not the default code path.

How was this patch tested?

• Extended HybridAnalyzerSuite with testDualRun framework covering dual-run, tentative, and
  single-pass modes
• New DataFrameAnalyzerTestGapsSuite for alias resolution edge cases (implicit aliases, nested alias
  collapsing, autogenerated alias names)
• New SinglePassAnalyzerTestUtils test utility trait
• Updated ResolverGuardSuite with structured result assertions and new feature tests
  (star-with-target, regex columns, COALESCE with star, multi-part TVF names)
• Updated ExplicitlyUnsupportedResolverFeatureSuite with generator edge case tests
• Updated ExpressionIdAssignerSuite for new attribute reference mapping semantics and subquery
  remapping
• Updated NameScopeSuite with variable resolution and extract value key tests
• Updated AggregateResolverSuite, AliasResolverSuite, MetadataResolverSuite, ViewResolverSuite

Was this patch authored or co-authored using generative AI tooling?

No.

[dtenedor]

I reviewed all the changes. Everything generally looks correct and well-tested, just a few small comments.

[dtenedor]

LGTM, merging to master!