TEZ-4717: Modernize and Optimize Yetus Dockerfile build time and maintainability

[Aggarwal-Raghav]

1. Speed up build times by moving standalone binary downloads (shellcheck, hadolint, buf, protoc) into concurrent, lightweight Alpine stages.
2. Use eclipse-temurin:21-jdk-noble to natively support both arm64 (Macs) and amd64 architectures, Dockerimage was not building on mac.
3. Centralized Dependency versions and updated shellcheck and hadolint version to 0.11.0 and 2.14.0 respectively
4. Deleted the unused golang-go compiler.
5. Fixed all hadolint warnings by modernizing ENV syntax.

Taking around 2 min to build

[tez-yetus]

(!) A patch to the testing environment has been detected.
Re-executing against the patched versions to perform further tests.
The console is at https://ci-hadoop.apache.org/job/tez-multibranch/job/PR-494/1/console in case of problems.

[tez-yetus]

💔 -1 overall

Vote	Subsystem	Runtime	Logfile	Comment
+0 🆗	reexec	3m 28s		Docker mode activated.
			_ Prechecks _
+1 💚	dupname	0m 0s		No case conflicting files found.
+0 🆗	detsecrets	0m 0s		detect-secrets was not available.
+0 🆗	shelldocs	0m 0s		Shelldocs was not available.
+1 💚	@author	0m 0s		The patch does not contain any @author tags.
			_ master Compile Tests _
			_ Patch Compile Tests _
-1 ❌	codespell	0m 4s	/results-codespell.txt	The patch generated 1 new + 2 unchanged - 0 fixed = 3 total (was 2)
+1 💚	blanks	0m 0s		The patch has no blanks issues.
+1 💚	hadolint	0m 1s		The patch generated 0 new + 0 unchanged - 2 fixed = 0 total (was 2)
+1 💚	shellcheck	0m 0s		No new issues.
			_ Other Tests _
+1 💚	asflicense	0m 19s		The patch does not generate ASF License warnings.
		4m 11s

Subsystem	Report/Notes
Docker	ClientAPI=1.54 ServerAPI=1.54 base: https://ci-hadoop.apache.org/job/tez-multibranch/job/PR-494/1/artifact/out/Dockerfile
GITHUB PR	#494
Optional Tests	dupname asflicense codespell detsecrets hadolint shellcheck shelldocs
uname	Linux 75c8202e0021 5.15.0-141-generic #151-Ubuntu SMP Sun May 18 21:35:19 UTC 2025 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
Build tool	maven
Personality	/home/jenkins/jenkins-home/workspace/tez-multibranch_PR-494/src/.yetus/personality.sh
git revision	master / 14f46d6
Max. process+thread count	55 (vs. ulimit of 5500)
modules	C: . U: .
Console output	https://ci-hadoop.apache.org/job/tez-multibranch/job/PR-494/1/console
versions	git=2.43.0 maven=3.9.15 hadolint=2.14.0 codespell=2.4.1 shellcheck=0.11.0
Powered by	Apache Yetus 0.15.1 https://yetus.apache.org

This message was automatically generated.