feat: add immutable URI query replacement helpers

[memleakd]

Description

This PR follows up on the recently added URI::withQueryVar() / withQueryVars() helpers by adding the remaining immutable query helpers for the existing mutable query APIs:

$uri = new URI('https://example.com/users?q=bob&page=1');

$next = $uri->withQuery('page=2');

$filtered = $uri->withQueryArray([
    'q'    => 'alice',
    'role' => 'admin',
]);

$withoutPage = $uri->withoutQueryVars('page');

$onlyFilters = $uri->withOnlyQueryVars('q', 'role');

Each method returns a cloned URI and leaves the original instance unchanged.

The naming follows the direction discussed in #10242:

• setQuery() -> withQuery()
• setQueryArray() -> withQueryArray()
• stripQuery() -> withoutQueryVars()
• keepQuery() -> withOnlyQueryVars()

I kept withQueryParams() out of this because PSR-7 uses that name on ServerRequestInterface, not UriInterface, and withQueryArray() keeps the URI-side API clearer.

Tests cover cloning behavior, query replacement, raw query strings, fragments, filtering/removal, and invalid query strings.

Checklist:

• Securely signed commits
• Component(s) with PHPDoc blocks, only if necessary or adds value (without duplication)
• Unit testing, with >80% coverage
• User guide updated
• Conforms to style guide