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https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Цепь_Маркова
[Це́пь Ма́ркова — последовательность [случайных событий]] Пოსლიდოვატელჰოსტ კლუჩაინნიხ კობაძიი
Распределение_вероятностей#Дискретные_распределения
Why do the Japanese ゆ (yu) and the Cyrillic Ю (yu) look so similar?
Äsking Ygor Coelho
Language and linguistics enthusiast.
I find it hard to sustain a belief that this is anything more than a coincidence. There is virtually no other strong similarity comparing Japanese hiragana with the Cyrillic alphabet, but this is not even the strongest argument against some kind of relationship between ゆ and Ю. The former is a character in the hiragana script, which is derived from the use of Chinese characters as phonetic symbols in Japanese, the practice of man'yōgana, which started around the end of Antiquity (c. 5th-6th century A.D.). But the thing is that the character that cursive ゆ is based on was Chinese 由, “cause, reason’, which does not look that muchj like Cyrillic Ю except in very superficial and generic ways. Instead, the Cyrillic alphabet was developed in the Bulgarian Empire, in the Eastern Balkans, in the 9th century A.D., way too far away from Japan, and also without any direct and close links to China at a time when international trade from the East to Europe had received a heavy blow due to the Muslim dominance in the Middle East and Central Asia. We need to remember that by that time Slavs were not as close to East Asia as they are now, after centuries of Russian expansion to Siberia as far as the Pacific coast. Cyrillic Ю rather resembles Glagolitic Ⱓ (indicating the same sounds) quite a bit more and looks like an evolution from it, but Glagolitc Ⱓ is much harder to be compared to Chinese or Japanese kanji 由. Something that really needs to be stressed in linguistics to avoid wishful thinking, pseudo-science and conspiracy theories of all kinds is: coincidences do happen, and similarities are not proof enough of an ancient connection. Phonemes and reasonably simple shapes to be written down have a somewhat limited range, so coincidences are bound to happen here and there.
They look similar by coincidence: two independent writing systems produced superficially similar shapes because of simple, common graphic choices, not direct influence. Key points: Different origins Cyrillic Ю (U+042E) comes from the early Cyrillic alphabet (9th–10th century), ultimately derived from the Greek script and earlier Glagolitic forms. The letter combines the vowel U (У) with a fronted iotated element; historically it represents /ju/ or /ʲu/. Its modern printed shape — a vertical stroke or box with an attached round form — evolved in the context of medieval and later manuscript and typographic conventions in the Christian Slavic sphere. Japanese hiragana ゆ (U+3086) is a cursive simplification (manyōgana) of the kanji 由. Hiragana developed in Japan from cursive (sōsho) forms of Chinese characters between the 8th and 11th centuries as a native syllabary for Japanese morae. The rounded, flowing form of ゆ is the result of cursive stylization of 由. Why they look alike Both scripts favored compact, rounded strokes for a single-syllable sign, producing a roughly box-plus-loop or loop-plus-tail silhouette that human visual systems readily produce and read. Limited stroke types (loops, curves, short verticals) plus functional constraints (single visible unit standing for a syllable or sound) make convergence to similar motifs common across unrelated scripts. Independent cursivization and typographic standardization often create similar silhouettes: the Cyrillic letter’s enclosed element plus appended stroke versus the hiragana’s looping stroke coincide in outline to a casual observer. No historical borrowing There is no documented historical contact that would have transmitted Cyrillic letter forms into classical Japanese kana development, nor the reverse. Kana derive from Chinese-character cursives used in Japan; Cyrillic derives from Greek and Glagolitic used by Slavs—separate trajectories in different regions and cultural contexts. Comparable examples of accidental similarity Latin P and Greek Ρ look similar but are historically related; more striking are cases like Latin H and Cyrillic Н (related), or independent look-alikes such as the Armenian Ա vs Latin A variants, and the Greek lowercase ρ vs Latin p in certain fonts. Many unrelated scripts produce similar shapes for frequently used sounds because cursive motion and ease of writing favor particular strokes. Conclusion: The resemblance between Japanese ゆ and Cyrillic Ю is a classic case of convergent graphic evolution—independent historical developments yielding similar shapes because of common constraints in handwriting and typographic simplification, not because one borrowed from the other.
(https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)(https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5) с конечным или счётным числом исходов, где вероятность наступления каждого события зависит только от состояния, достигнутого в предыдущем событии[1]. Характеризуется тем свойством, что, говоря нестрого, при текущем настоящем состоянии системы, её будущее состояние не зависит от прошлого. Названа в честь А. А. Маркова (старшего), который впервые ввёл это понятие в работе 1906 года.[2]
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