toponym

April 7, 2026

Welcome to the toponym 2.0.1 Readme!

The toponym package supplies users of R with tools to visualize and analyze toponym (= place name) distributions. It is intended as an interface to the GeoNames data. A regular expression filters data and in a second step a map is created displaying all locations in the filtered data set. The functions make data and plots available for further analysis—either within R or in the working directory. Users can select regions within countries, provide coordinates to define regions, or specify a region within the package to restrict the data selection to that region or compare regions with the remainder of countries.

If you would like to use toponym 1.X.X, head to this GitHub branch and follow the instructions.

Installation

You can install the most recent CRAN release with:

## Install CRAN version of < toponym >
install.packages("toponym")

In order to install this package from GitHub, you will need devtools. You can download and install the current development version of toponym with:

## Install development version of < toponym > from GitHub
# install.packages("devtools")
# library ("devtools")
devtools::install_github("Lennart05/toponym", ref = "toponym-CRAN")

Set a path for downloaded data

Most functions require external data which will be downloaded and stored for later use. Since no default path is set upon installation, users need to provide a path. The function toponymOptions() allows you to set a persistent path and view it. You can set the path to the package directory or provide a full, alternative path. In the following example, it is set to the package directory:

library(toponym)          # load the package
toponymOptions("pkgdir")  # "pkgdir" is interpreted as the directory of the toponym package
# you will be prompted to confirm your choice

Once a path is set, you can check it like this:

toponymOptions()          
# returns current path (in this case the package directory)

We recommend setting a persistent path for downloaded data. However, users can always set the path manually when a function is used by specifying the parameter toponym_path. For illustration purposes, the path is manually set to the temporary directory in examples of this Readme.

Create a simple map

The function top(), meaning “toponym”, outputs data complying with a regular expression. Minimally one or more strings and one or more countries (in that order) are given as input. The following code is a simple example of this:

library(toponym) # load the package
data_itz <- top("itz$", "DE", toponym_path = tempdir())

A data frame named data_itz is stored in the Global environment listing all locations which end in -itz in Germany.

For the purpose of plotting outputs of top() and edited data frames, we offer the mapper() function. This accepts a user-defined title, legend, colors, groups and more. An example using the previously created data frame is the following, where occurrences of -witz and -itz east of a 10.5 longitudinal line are displayed:

itz_east <- data_itz[data_itz$longitude > 10.5,]
itz_east$color <- "darkgrey"                # creates color column with color dark grey
witz_indices <- grep("witz", itz_east$name) # stores indices for lines containing "witz" 
itz_east[witz_indices, "color"] <- "green"  # sets color of "witz" entries to green
itz_east[witz_indices, "group"] <- "witz"   # sets group labels with "itz" to "witz"
mapper(itz_east, title = "-witz and -itz in the East")

Country designations

The data is meant to cover maps and toponyms of the world. The function country() lets users access all permitted country and region designations used by this package. The query country table returns the entire data frame.

head(country(query = "country table"))
#>   ISO2 ISO3       Country
#> 1   AW  ABW         Aruba
#> 2   AF  AFG   Afghanistan
#> 3   AO  AGO        Angola
#> 4   AI  AIA      Anguilla
#> 5   AX  ALA Aland Islands
#> 6   AL  ALB       Albania

If you want to access the row of a specific country, you can either provide the ISO2 code, ISO3 code or the country name:

country(query = "Argentina")
#> [[1]]
#>   ISO2 ISO3   Country
#> 9   AR  ARG Argentina
# returns the respective row for Argentina

country(query = "ARG")
#> [[1]]
#>   ISO2 ISO3   Country
#> 9   AR  ARG Argentina
# returns the same row

If regions is set to 1, the function returns all region designations:

country("Mali", regions = 1, toponym_path = tempdir())
#> [[1]]
#>       name        ID       
#>  [1,] "Bamako"    "MLI.1_1"
#>  [2,] "Gao"       "MLI.2_1"
#>  [3,] "Kayes"     "MLI.3_1"
#>  [4,] "Kidal"     "MLI.4_1"
#>  [5,] "Koulikoro" "MLI.5_1"
#>  [6,] "Mopti"     "MLI.6_1"
#>  [7,] "Ségou"     "MLI.7_1"
#>  [8,] "Sikasso"   "MLI.8_1"
#>  [9,] "Timbuktu"  "MLI.9_1"
# returns all region names and IDs of Mali available in the data

Map data needs to be downloaded in order to retrieve region designations. Thus, a path needs to be provided if parameter regions is set to a value higher than 0.

Frequent toponym substrings

topFreq() lets users find strings frequently recurring in toponyms. A simple example for the Philippines would be:

topFreq(countries = "Philippines",
        len = 3,
        limit = 10,
        type = "$",
        toponym_path = tempdir())
#> toponyms
#> gan$ ang$ ong$ yan$ uan$ ion$ nan$ tan$ lan$ san$ 
#> 1767 1258 1136  770  709  615  604  552  551  510

Among all toponyms in the data for the Philippines (countries = "Philippines"), these are the ten (limit = 10) most frequent trailing (type = "$") strings consisting of (a length of) three characters (len = 3).

The additional parameter polygon allows users to restrict the data to a subset of the selected countries. Only toponyms within the polygon are selected. The polygon needs to intersect or be within a country specified by the countries parameter. The package contains a predefined polygon for the historical Danelaw area of England for purposes of illustration:

topFreq(countries = "GB",
        len = 3,
        limit = 10,
        polygon = toponym::danelaw_polygon,
        toponym_path = tempdir())
#> toponyms
#> ton$ een$ ham$ ill$ ley$ End$ rpe$ eld$ ord$ rth$ 
#> 1467  694  493  437  436  431  264  257  202  192

Create polygons

Coordinates which delimit a polygon are input in the form of a data frame. The createPolygon() function helps users to define their own polygon by point-and-click or to retrieve map data.

argentina_polygon <- createPolygon(countries = "AR", regions = 1, toponym_path = tempdir())

In this example, a map of Argentina AR with highest-level administrative borders regions = 1 will appear as a plot. Now users can click to set points which define a polygon. The last point should not repeat the first point. In RGui, users exit the point selection by middle-clicking or right-clicking and then pressing stop. In RStudio, users exit the point selection by pressing ESC or Finish in the top right corner of the plot. Once finished, a data frame with longitudinal and latitudinal coordinates called argentina_polygon is created.

Strings specific to a region

topComp(), meaning “toponym compare”, determines which toponym strings in the data are characteristic to a region. Consider again the following example for the Danelaw area:

topComp(countries = "GB",
       len = 3,
       limit = 100,
       rat = .8, 
       polygon = toponym::danelaw_polygon,
       toponym_path = tempdir())
#>   toponym ratio_perc frequency
#> 1    rpe$       90.1   264/293

The function compares the frequency of trailing strings (type = "$") within the Danelaw area (polygon = toponym::danelaw_polygon) with their frequency in the United Kingdom (countries = "GB") and returns a data frame. The output is in descending order by their proportional frequency. The search is limited to the 100 (limit = 100) most frequent strings in the United Kingdom consisting of (a length of) three characters (len = 3). The cut-off ratio of 80% (rat = .8) means that at least 80% of all occurrences (in the country or countries) must be inside the polygon. In this case, the string -rpe occurs 293 times in the United Kingdom and 264 of these 293 occurrences are within the target polygon resulting in a ratio percentage of 90.1%.

Apply a Z-test

topZtest() tests whether the frequency of a toponym string is significantly greater in the given area than in the rest of the country or countries:

topZtest(strings = "aat$",
         countries = "BEL",
         polygon = toponym::flanders_polygon,
         toponym_path = tempdir())
#> 
#>  2-sample test for equality of proportions with continuity correction
#> 
#> data:  c(string_in_poly, string_in_cc) out of c(top_in_poly, top_in_cc)
#> X-squared = 321.66, df = 1, p-value < 2.2e-16
#> alternative hypothesis: greater
#> 95 percent confidence interval:
#>  0.0476564 1.0000000
#> sample estimates:
#>       prop 1       prop 2 
#> 0.0526875190 0.0003287851

In this example, the function compares the toponymic distribution of the trailing string -aat (strings = "aat$") in Flanders (polygon = toponym::flanders_polygon) with Belgium (countries = "BEL") as a whole. The result of the two proportion test is returned as an object of class htest.

The functions

The core functions are as follows:

• top() returns selected toponyms.
• country() helps in navigating designations of countries and regions used by the package.
• createPolygon() lets users create a polygon by point-and-click or directly retrieve polygon data.
• mapper() plots data onto a map.
• topComp() compares toponym substrings in a polygon and in the remainder of a country (or countries).
• topFreq() retrieves most frequent toponym substrings.
• topZtest() lets users apply a Z-test on toponym distributions.
• toponymOptions() allows users to modify settings for managing toponym data.

For help type ?toponym or a question mark following the individual function name (or use the help() syntax). A link to the index at the bottom of each help page provides a useful way of navigating the package.

Regular expression

For a concise description of which regular expressions exist and how they can be used, type help("regex") in the R console.

Data

The toponym data comes from GeoNames and will be automatically downloaded when you call any of the core functions.

For mapping purposes as well as region designations, the geodata package is used. It provides spatial data for all countries and regions available in this package. All maps are stored in the geodata package directory.