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4 changes: 2 additions & 2 deletions .github/workflows/run-checks.yaml
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ jobs:
run: uv sync

- name: Install IPFS
uses: oduwsdl/setup-ipfs@e92fedca9f61ab9184cb74940254859f4d7af4d9 # v0.6.3
uses: Faolain/setup-ipfs@v0.7.0
with:
Comment on lines +40 to 41
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💡 Verification agent

🧩 Analysis chain

Pin the setup-ipfs action to a commit SHA to mitigate supply-chain risk

Using a moving Git tag (v0.7.0) means the referenced code can change without notice.
For reproducible, tamper-resistant builds, pin to the exact commit hash published for that tag and optionally add the tag as an inline comment:

-        uses: Faolain/setup-ipfs@v0.7.0
+        uses: Faolain/setup-ipfs@0912abdf4823f4b7a724ddd9c2ad2fcd1b9c9c5d # v0.7.0

🏁 Script executed:

#!/bin/bash
# Fetch the commit SHA for the v0.7.0 tag of the setup-ipfs action
curl -s https://api.github.com/repos/Faolain/setup-ipfs/git/refs/tags/v0.7.0 \
  | sed -n 's/.*"sha": *"\([0-9a-f]\{40\}\)".*/\1/p'

Length of output: 170


Pin setup-ipfs to a specific commit SHA

To ensure tamper-resistant and reproducible workflows, replace the moving tag with the exact commit SHA for v0.7.0:

Files to update:

  • .github/workflows/run-checks.yaml (around lines 40–41)

Suggested diff:

-        uses: Faolain/setup-ipfs@v0.7.0
+        uses: Faolain/setup-ipfs@f1d58ed0d37251a9e6cea86fe0386a56d9dfbd5a # v0.7.0
📝 Committable suggestion

‼️ IMPORTANT
Carefully review the code before committing. Ensure that it accurately replaces the highlighted code, contains no missing lines, and has no issues with indentation. Thoroughly test & benchmark the code to ensure it meets the requirements.

Suggested change
uses: Faolain/setup-ipfs@v0.7.0
with:
uses: Faolain/setup-ipfs@f1d58ed0d37251a9e6cea86fe0386a56d9dfbd5a # v0.7.0
with:
🤖 Prompt for AI Agents
In .github/workflows/run-checks.yaml around lines 40 to 41, the action
'Faolain/setup-ipfs@v0.7.0' uses a moving tag which can lead to non-reproducible
workflows. Replace the version tag 'v0.7.0' with the exact commit SHA
corresponding to that release to pin the action to a specific commit, ensuring
tamper resistance and reproducibility.

ipfs_version: "0.35.0"
ipfs_version: "0.36.0"
run_daemon: true

- name: Run pytest with coverage
Expand Down
13 changes: 13 additions & 0 deletions py_hamt/encryption_hamt_store.py
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -110,6 +110,19 @@ def __init__(
self.header = header
self.metadata_read_cache: dict[str, bytes] = {}

def with_read_only(self, read_only: bool = False) -> "SimpleEncryptedZarrHAMTStore":
if read_only == self.read_only:
return self

clone = type(self).__new__(type(self))
clone.hamt = self.hamt
clone.encryption_key = self.encryption_key
clone.header = self.header
clone.metadata_read_cache = self.metadata_read_cache
clone._forced_read_only = read_only # safe; attribute is declared
zarr.abc.store.Store.__init__(clone, read_only=read_only)
return clone

def _encrypt(self, val: bytes) -> bytes:
"""Encrypts data using ChaCha20-Poly1305."""
nonce = get_random_bytes(24) # XChaCha20 uses a 24-byte nonce
Expand Down
81 changes: 60 additions & 21 deletions py_hamt/store_httpx.py
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
import asyncio
import re
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
from typing import Any, Dict, Literal, Tuple, cast
from typing import Any, Literal, Tuple, cast

import httpx
from dag_cbor.ipld import IPLDKind
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -210,27 +210,43 @@ def __init__(
self.gateway_base_url: str = gateway_base_url
"""@private"""

self._client_per_loop: Dict[asyncio.AbstractEventLoop, httpx.AsyncClient] = {}

if client is not None:
# user supplied → bind it to *their* current loop
self._client_per_loop[asyncio.get_running_loop()] = client
self._owns_client: bool = False
# A client was supplied by the user. We don't own it.
self._owns_client = False
self._client_per_loop = {asyncio.get_running_loop(): client}
else:
self._owns_client = True # we'll create clients lazily
# No client supplied. We will own any clients we create.
self._owns_client = True
self._client_per_loop = {}

Comment on lines 213 to +221
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🛠️ Refactor suggestion

Don’t call asyncio.get_running_loop() in init when a user supplies the client

Constructors run in both sync and async contexts. Calling asyncio.get_running_loop() here can raise RuntimeError if KuboCAS is instantiated outside a running loop (valid when a pre-built AsyncClient is passed). Defer binding to the first use instead, and remember the user client for that loop.

Proposed minimal change: keep ownership flag, store the user client for deferred binding, and only bind once a loop exists.

-        if client is not None:
-            # A client was supplied by the user. We don't own it.
-            self._owns_client = False
-            self._client_per_loop = {asyncio.get_running_loop(): client}
+        if client is not None:
+            # A client was supplied by the user. We don't own it.
+            self._owns_client = False
+            # Defer per-loop binding to _loop_client() to avoid requiring a running loop here.
+            self._client_per_loop = {}
+            self._deferred_user_client = client  # bound on first use

This pairs with the _loop_client() fix below.

📝 Committable suggestion

‼️ IMPORTANT
Carefully review the code before committing. Ensure that it accurately replaces the highlighted code, contains no missing lines, and has no issues with indentation. Thoroughly test & benchmark the code to ensure it meets the requirements.

Suggested change
if client is not None:
# user supplied → bind it to *their* current loop
self._client_per_loop[asyncio.get_running_loop()] = client
self._owns_client: bool = False
# A client was supplied by the user. We don't own it.
self._owns_client = False
self._client_per_loop = {asyncio.get_running_loop(): client}
else:
self._owns_client = True # we'll create clients lazily
# No client supplied. We will own any clients we create.
self._owns_client = True
self._client_per_loop = {}
if client is not None:
# A client was supplied by the user. We don't own it.
self._owns_client = False
# Defer per-loop binding to _loop_client() to avoid requiring a running loop here.
self._client_per_loop = {}
self._deferred_user_client = client # bound on first use
else:
# No client supplied. We will own any clients we create.
self._owns_client = True
self._client_per_loop = {}
🤖 Prompt for AI Agents
In py_hamt/store_httpx.py around lines 213 to 221, do not call
asyncio.get_running_loop() in __init__; instead keep the ownership flag as
currently set, store the supplied AsyncClient in a dedicated attribute (e.g.
self._user_client) and initialize self._client_per_loop = {} (empty dict) so no
loop lookup happens in the constructor; defer binding the user-supplied client
to a loop until first use by resolving asyncio.get_running_loop() inside the
_loop_client() helper and then associate the stored self._user_client with that
loop in self._client_per_loop (and clear self._user_client) so the client is
only bound once a running loop exists.

# The instance is never closed on initialization.
self._closed = False

# store for later use by _loop_client()
self._default_headers = headers
self._default_auth = auth

self._sem: asyncio.Semaphore = asyncio.Semaphore(concurrency)
self._closed: bool = False

# --------------------------------------------------------------------- #
# helper: get or create the client bound to the current running loop #
# --------------------------------------------------------------------- #
def _loop_client(self) -> httpx.AsyncClient:
"""Get or create a client for the current event loop."""
"""Get or create a client for the current event loop.

If the instance was previously closed but owns its clients, a fresh
client mapping is lazily created on demand. Users that supplied their
own ``httpx.AsyncClient`` still receive an error when the instance has
been closed, as we cannot safely recreate their client.
"""
if self._closed:
if not self._owns_client:
raise RuntimeError("KuboCAS is closed; create a new instance")
# We previously closed all internally-owned clients. Reset the
# state so that new clients can be created lazily.
self._closed = False
self._client_per_loop = {}

Comment on lines +242 to +249
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⚠️ Potential issue

Critical: leaked AsyncClients when a user-supplied client is used across loops

When self._owns_client is False and _loop_client() is called from a different loop, the KeyError branch creates a new AsyncClient but aclose() is a no-op for non-owned clients. Result: clients that will never be closed. Instead, either bind the deferred user client to the first loop only, or raise if callers try to use the instance in other loops.

Suggested fix (works with the deferred-binding change above):

     def _loop_client(self) -> httpx.AsyncClient:
@@
         if self._closed:
             if not self._owns_client:
                 raise RuntimeError("KuboCAS is closed; create a new instance")
             # We previously closed all internally-owned clients. Reset the
             # state so that new clients can be created lazily.
             self._closed = False
             self._client_per_loop = {}
@@
         try:
             return self._client_per_loop[loop]
         except KeyError:
-            # Create a new client
-            client = httpx.AsyncClient(
-                timeout=60.0,
-                headers=self._default_headers,
-                auth=self._default_auth,
-                limits=httpx.Limits(max_connections=64, max_keepalive_connections=32),
-                # Uncomment when they finally support Robust HTTP/2 GOAWAY responses
-                # http2=True,
-            )
-            self._client_per_loop[loop] = client
-            return client
+            # If a user-supplied client was provided, bind it to the first loop only.
+            if not self._owns_client:
+                if hasattr(self, "_deferred_user_client"):
+                    self._client_per_loop[loop] = self._deferred_user_client  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+                    del self._deferred_user_client
+                    return self._client_per_loop[loop]
+                # Using the instance from a different loop is unsafe — refuse.
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    "User-supplied AsyncClient is bound to a different event loop; "
+                    "create a per-loop KuboCAS or omit `client=` to let KuboCAS manage clients per loop."
+                )
+            # Create an internally-owned client for this loop.
+            client = httpx.AsyncClient(
+                timeout=60.0,
+                headers=self._default_headers,
+                auth=self._default_auth,
+                limits=httpx.Limits(max_connections=64, max_keepalive_connections=32),
+                # http2=True,  # enable when httpx supports robust GOAWAY handling
+            )
+            self._client_per_loop[loop] = client
+            return client

This prevents unowned clients from being created (and leaked) and still supports the per-loop model.

Also applies to: 254-263

🤖 Prompt for AI Agents
In py_hamt/store_httpx.py around lines 242-249 (and likewise 254-263), the code
can create new AsyncClient instances when self._owns_client is False but used
from a different event loop, leaking clients because aclose() is skipped for
non-owned clients; modify _loop_client() so that if a user-supplied client
(self._owns_client is False) is accessed from any loop other than the one it was
first bound to, you raise a RuntimeError instead of creating a new client, or
alternatively bind the user client to the first loop on first use and enforce it
thereafter; ensure the code never lazily instantiates a non-owned client for a
new loop, and update the _closed handling so internal resets only affect owned
clients and do not leave unowned clients unclosed.

loop: asyncio.AbstractEventLoop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
try:
return self._client_per_loop[loop]
Expand All @@ -241,7 +257,7 @@ def _loop_client(self) -> httpx.AsyncClient:
headers=self._default_headers,
auth=self._default_auth,
limits=httpx.Limits(max_connections=64, max_keepalive_connections=32),
# Uncomment when they finally support Robost HTTP/2 GOAWAY responses
# Uncomment when they finally support Robust HTTP/2 GOAWAY responses
# http2=True,
)
self._client_per_loop[loop] = client
Expand All @@ -251,18 +267,20 @@ def _loop_client(self) -> httpx.AsyncClient:
# graceful shutdown: close **all** clients we own #
# --------------------------------------------------------------------- #
async def aclose(self) -> None:
"""Close all internally-created clients."""
if not self._owns_client:
# User supplied the client; they are responsible for closing it.
"""
Closes all internally-created clients. Must be called from an async context.
"""
if self._owns_client is False: # external client → caller closes
return

# This method is async, so we can reliably await the async close method.
# The complex sync/async logic is handled by __del__.
for client in list(self._client_per_loop.values()):
if not client.is_closed:
try:
await client.aclose()
except Exception:
# Best-effort cleanup; ignore errors during shutdown
pass
pass # best-effort cleanup

self._client_per_loop.clear()
self._closed = True
Expand All @@ -277,23 +295,44 @@ async def __aexit__(self, *exc: Any) -> None:

def __del__(self) -> None:
"""Best-effort close for internally-created clients."""
if not hasattr(self, "_owns_client") or not hasattr(self, "_closed"):
return

if not self._owns_client or self._closed:
return

# Attempt proper cleanup if possible
try:
loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
except RuntimeError:
loop = None
# No running loop - can't do async cleanup
# Just clear the client references synchronously
if hasattr(self, "_client_per_loop"):
# We can't await client.aclose() without a loop,
# so just clear the references
self._client_per_loop.clear()
self._closed = True
return

# If we get here, we have a running loop
try:
if loop is None or not loop.is_running():
asyncio.run(self.aclose())
else:
if loop.is_running():
# Schedule cleanup in the existing loop
loop.create_task(self.aclose())
else:
# Loop exists but not running - try asyncio.run
coro = self.aclose() # Create the coroutine
try:
asyncio.run(coro)
except Exception:
# If asyncio.run fails, we need to close the coroutine properly
coro.close() # This prevents the RuntimeWarning
raise # Re-raise to hit the outer except block
except Exception:
# Suppress all errors during interpreter shutdown or loop teardown
pass
# If all else fails, just clear references
if hasattr(self, "_client_per_loop"):
self._client_per_loop.clear()
self._closed = True

# --------------------------------------------------------------------- #
# save() – now uses the per-loop client #
Expand Down
37 changes: 35 additions & 2 deletions py_hamt/zarr_hamt_store.py
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -51,6 +51,8 @@ class ZarrHAMTStore(zarr.abc.store.Store):
```
"""

_forced_read_only: bool | None = None # sentinel for wrapper clones

def __init__(self, hamt: HAMT, read_only: bool = False) -> None:
"""
### `hamt` and `read_only`
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -79,10 +81,36 @@ def __init__(self, hamt: HAMT, read_only: bool = False) -> None:
"""@private"""

@property
def read_only(self) -> bool:
"""@private"""
def read_only(self) -> bool: # type: ignore[override]
if self._forced_read_only is not None: # instance attr overrides
return self._forced_read_only
return self.hamt.read_only

def with_read_only(self, read_only: bool = False) -> "ZarrHAMTStore":
"""
Return this store (if the flag already matches) or a *shallow*
clone that presents the requested read‑only status.

The clone **shares** the same :class:`~py_hamt.hamt.HAMT`
instance; no flushing, network traffic or async work is done.
"""
# Fast path
if read_only == self.read_only:
return self # Same mode, return same instance

# Create new instance with different read_only flag
# Creates a *bare* instance without running its __init__
clone = type(self).__new__(type(self))

# Copy attributes that matter
clone.hamt = self.hamt # Share the HAMT
clone._forced_read_only = read_only
clone.metadata_read_cache = self.metadata_read_cache.copy()

# Re‑initialise the zarr base class so that Zarr sees the flag
zarr.abc.store.Store.__init__(clone, read_only=read_only)
return clone

def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
"""@private"""
if not isinstance(other, ZarrHAMTStore):
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -145,6 +173,9 @@ def supports_partial_writes(self) -> bool:

async def set(self, key: str, value: zarr.core.buffer.Buffer) -> None:
"""@private"""
if self.read_only:
raise Exception("Cannot write to a read-only store.")

Comment on lines +176 to +178
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🛠️ Refactor suggestion

supports_ currently diverge from wrapper state; fix to reflect presented mode*

supports_writes and supports_deletes derive from hamt.read_only. In a read‑only wrapper over a writable HAMT, these will incorrectly return True, encouraging callers to attempt writes and only fail at runtime. They should reflect self.read_only.

Apply this diff:

@@
     @property
     def supports_writes(self) -> bool:
         """@private"""
-        return not self.hamt.read_only
+        return not self.read_only
@@
     @property
     def supports_deletes(self) -> bool:
         """@private"""
-        return not self.hamt.read_only
+        return not self.read_only

To strengthen the contract, also consider raising a more specific exception (PermissionError) below. See next comment.

Also applies to: 201-203

🤖 Prompt for AI Agents
In py_hamt/zarr_hamt_store.py around lines 176-178 (and also update lines
201-203), supports_writes and supports_deletes currently query the underlying
hamt.read_only and thus can return True when this wrapper was constructed as
read-only; change both to reflect the wrapper's state by returning not
self.read_only (or using self.read_only to return False when read-only) so
callers get the correct capability surface, and update the write-path exception
to raise PermissionError instead of a generic Exception for clearer semantics.

if key in self.metadata_read_cache:
self.metadata_read_cache[key] = value.to_bytes()
await self.hamt.set(key, value.to_bytes())
Expand All @@ -167,6 +198,8 @@ def supports_deletes(self) -> bool:

async def delete(self, key: str) -> None:
"""@private"""
if self.read_only:
raise Exception("Cannot write to a read-only store.")
try:
await self.hamt.delete(key)
# In practice these lines never seem to be needed, creating and appending data are the only operations most zarrs actually undergo
Expand Down
2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion pyproject.toml
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ dependencies = [
"dag-cbor>=0.3.3",
"msgspec>=0.18.6",
"multiformats[full]>=0.3.1.post4",
"zarr>=3.0.8",
"zarr==3.0.9",
"pycryptodome>=3.21.0",
]

Expand Down
26 changes: 15 additions & 11 deletions tests/test_async.py
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -104,26 +104,30 @@ async def test_kubocas_no_running_loop_in_aclose():
# Create a client in the current loop
_ = cas._loop_client()

# Simulate calling aclose when there's no event loop
# We'll mock this by calling the method directly
import unittest.mock

# Test the __del__ method with no running loop scenario
# Test __del__ behavior when there's no running loop
with unittest.mock.patch(
"asyncio.get_running_loop", side_effect=RuntimeError("No running loop")
):
# This will trigger the exception path in __del__
# where it gets a RuntimeError and sets loop = None
# This should handle the no-loop case gracefully
cas.__del__()

# Now test the normal aclose path with no running loop
# Also test aclose directly with no loop
# First close it normally
await cas.aclose()

# Create a new instance
cas2 = KuboCAS()
_ = cas2._loop_client()

# Now mock no running loop for aclose
with unittest.mock.patch(
"asyncio.get_running_loop", side_effect=RuntimeError("No running loop")
):
await cas.aclose()
# The aclose method should handle this gracefully
await cas2.aclose()
Comment on lines +122 to +127
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⚠️ Potential issue

Test logic issue: Cannot await inside no-loop mock context.

The test attempts to await cas2.aclose() while mocking get_running_loop to raise RuntimeError. This creates a paradox - you need a running loop to execute await, but the mock simulates no loop being available.

Consider restructuring the test to properly simulate the no-loop scenario:

-    # Now mock no running loop for aclose
-    with unittest.mock.patch(
-        "asyncio.get_running_loop", side_effect=RuntimeError("No running loop")
-    ):
-        # The aclose method should handle this gracefully
-        await cas2.aclose()
+    # Test aclose in a synchronous context (simulating no event loop)
+    def test_sync_aclose():
+        cas3 = KuboCAS()
+        # Don't create any clients in this sync context
+        # Now patch get_running_loop only inside aclose
+        with unittest.mock.patch(
+            "asyncio.get_running_loop", side_effect=RuntimeError("No running loop")
+        ):
+            # Can't await in sync context, but we can call the coroutine
+            coro = cas3.aclose()
+            # The coroutine should complete without error when stepped through
+            try:
+                coro.send(None)
+            except StopIteration:
+                pass  # Expected - coroutine completed
+    
+    # Run the sync test
+    test_sync_aclose()

Committable suggestion skipped: line range outside the PR's diff.

🤖 Prompt for AI Agents
In tests/test_async.py around lines 122 to 127, the test tries to await
cas2.aclose() while mocking asyncio.get_running_loop to raise RuntimeError,
which conflicts because awaiting requires a running event loop. To fix this,
restructure the test by separating the mocking of get_running_loop from the
await call, for example by running the await outside the mock context or using
an alternative approach to simulate no running loop without blocking the await
execution.


# The client references should be cleared
assert len(cas._client_per_loop) == 0
# Verify cleanup happened
assert len(cas2._client_per_loop) == 0


@pytest.mark.asyncio
Expand Down
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