Add new learning materials for Arduino basics

.gitattributes

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-# Auto detect text files and perform LF normalization
-* text=auto
+# -----------------------------------------------------------
+# Git Attributes for Arduino Projects
+# Ensures consistent line endings, clean diffs, and proper
+# language detection on GitHub.
+# -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+# Automatically normalize line endings (cross-platform safe)
+* text=auto eol=lf
+
+# Treat Arduino sketch files as text for proper diffs
+*.ino text diff
+
+# Explicitly mark common text-based files
+*.cpp text diff
+*.h   text diff
+*.c   text diff
+*.md  text diff
+*.txt text diff
+
+# Treat image and binary files properly (no diffs)
+*.png binary
+*.jpg binary
+*.jpeg binary
+*.gif binary
+*.bmp binary
+*.zip binary
+*.exe binary
+
+# Optional: tell GitHub Linguist which files are documentation
+*.md linguist-documentation=true
+
+# Optional: ignore build artifacts and OS files from stats
+*.hex linguist-generated=true
+*.bin linguist-generated=true
+.DS_Store linguist-vendored=true

Advanced/Button_Control/Button_Control.ino

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+/*
+  Button Control
+  --------------
+  Demonstrates how to control an LED using a push button.
+  When the button is pressed, the LED turns on; otherwise, it turns off.
+
+  Hardware setup:
+  - LED connected to pin 9 through a 220Ω resistor. Also works without
+  - Push button connected between pin 2 and ground
+  - Uses the internal pull-up resistor for stable input
+*/
+
+const int buttonPin = 2;
+const int ledPin = 9;
+int buttonState = 0;
+
+void setup() {
+  pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
+  pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT_PULLUP); // internal pull-up, so LOW = pressed
+}
+
+void loop() {
+  buttonState = digitalRead(buttonPin);
+
+  if (buttonState == LOW) {
+    digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);  // Button pressed
+  } else {
+    digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);   // Button released
+  }
+}

Advanced/Button_Control/README.md

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+# Button Control Example
+
+This example demonstrates how to use a push button to control an LED.
+
+## What You Learn
+- Reading digital input from a button
+- Using `INPUT_PULLUP` for reliable button detection
+- Applying conditional logic with `if` statements
+
+## Circuit
+- LED connected to pin 9 (with a 220Ω resistor(actually does not matter))
+- Button connected to pin 2 and ground
+
+When the button is pressed, the LED turns on. This is your first step into interactive Arduino projects.

Advanced/Knight_Rider/Knight_Rider.ino

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+const int ledPins[] = {3, 5, 6, 9, 10}; // LED pins
+int numLeds = 5;
+
+void setup() {
+  for(int i = 0; i < numLeds; i++) {
+    pinMode(ledPins[i], OUTPUT); // set all LED pins as output
+  }
+}
+
+void loop() {
+  // forward sequence
+  for(int i = 0; i < numLeds; i++) {
+    digitalWrite(ledPins[i], HIGH); // turn LED on
+    delay(100);                     // wait
+    digitalWrite(ledPins[i], LOW);  // turn LED off
+  }
+
+  // backward sequence
+  for(int i = numLeds - 2; i > 0; i--) {
+    digitalWrite(ledPins[i], HIGH);
+    delay(100);
+    digitalWrite(ledPins[i], LOW);
+  }
+}

Advanced/Knight_Rider/README.md

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+# Knight Rider LED Example
+
+This project creates a "Knight Rider" running light effect with multiple LEDs.
+
+## What You Learn
+- Sequencing multiple LEDs
+- Forward and backward animation
+- Timing and delays
+
+## Hardware
+- 5 LEDs connected to pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10
+- 220Ω resistors(you know, it does not matter..)
+
+## How It Works
+The LEDs turn on one after another in a forward sequence, then in a reverse sequence, simulating the famous 
+Knight Rider effect.

Advanced/PWM_Fading/PWM_Fading.ino

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+const int ledPin = 9; // PWM-capable pin
+int brightness = 0;    // current brightness level
+int fadeAmount = 5;    // amount to change the brightness
+
+void setup() {
+  pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // set the LED pin as output
+}
+
+void loop() {
+  analogWrite(ledPin, brightness); // set the LED brightness
+  brightness += fadeAmount;         // increase or decrease brightness
+
+  // reverse direction at the ends
+  if(brightness <= 0 || brightness >= 255) {
+    fadeAmount = -fadeAmount;
+  }
+
+  delay(30); // wait for 30 milliseconds
+}

Advanced/PWM_Fading/README.md

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+# PWM Fading Example
+
+This example demonstrates how to fade an LED smoothly using PWM (Pulse Width Modulation).
+
+## What You Learn
+- Using `analogWrite()` to control LED brightness
+- Creating smooth increasing and decreasing loops
+- Handling boundary conditions for variables
+
+## Hardware
+- 1 LED connected to PWM pin 9
+- 220Ω resistor(actually does'nt matter..)
+
+## How It Works
+The LED brightness increases and decreases gradually. The program reverses the fade direction when reaching the 
+minimum or maximum brightness, creating a continuous fading effect.

Advanced/Patterns/Patterns.ino

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+/*
+  Patterns
+  --------
+  Demonstrates how to create repeating LED patterns.
+  Uses loops and arrays to build structured light effects.
+
+  Hardware setup:
+  - 4 LEDs connected to pins 8, 9, 10, and 11 (each with 220Ω resistors(does not matter))
+*/
+
+int leds[] = {8, 9, 10, 11};
+int numLeds = 4;
+
+void setup() {
+  for (int i = 0; i < numLeds; i++) {
+    pinMode(leds[i], OUTPUT);
+  }
+}
+
+void loop() {
+  // Pattern 1: Forward chase
+  for (int i = 0; i < numLeds; i++) {
+    digitalWrite(leds[i], HIGH);
+    delay(150);
+    digitalWrite(leds[i], LOW);
+  }
+
+  // Pattern 2: Reverse chase
+  for (int i = numLeds - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    digitalWrite(leds[i], HIGH);
+    delay(150);
+    digitalWrite(leds[i], LOW);
+  }
+
+  // Pattern 3: Blink all LEDs
+  for (int i = 0; i < numLeds; i++) {
+    digitalWrite(leds[i], HIGH);
+  }
+  delay(300);
+  for (int i = 0; i < numLeds; i++) {
+    digitalWrite(leds[i], LOW);
+  }
+  delay(300);
+}

Advanced/Patterns/README.md

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+# LED Patterns Example
+
+This example shows how to create LED patterns using loops and arrays.
+
+## What You Learn
+- Using arrays to control multiple pins
+- Creating sequential and reverse lighting patterns
+- Managing timing with the `delay()` function
+
+## Circuit
+- Four LEDs connected to pins 8–11 (each with a 220Ω resistor(does'nt matter))
+- Common ground connection
+
+These patterns help you practice structured programming and timing logic.

Advanced/README.md

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+# Advanced Arduino LED Projects
+
+This folder contains advanced LED projects for learners who have completed the basics.
+
+## Projects Overview
+
+### Button Control
+- **Folder:** Button_Control/
+- **Purpose:** Learn interactive LED control using a push button.
+- **Learnings:** Digital input reading, conditional logic, debouncing.
+- **Hardware:** LEDs, push button, 220Ω resistors.
+
+### Patterns
+- **Folder:** Patterns/
+- **Purpose:** Structured LED sequences to understand loops and arrays.
+- **Learnings:** Arrays, loops, timing with `delay()`.
+- **Hardware:** 4 LEDs, 220Ω resistors.
+
+### Random Effects
+- **Folder:** Random_Effects/
+- **Purpose:** Dynamic and unpredictable LED effects.
+- **Learnings:** `random()` usage, `randomSeed()`, creating dynamic animations.
+- **Hardware:** 3 LEDs, 220Ω resistors.
+
+### PWM Fading
+- **Folder:** PWM_Fading/
+- **Purpose:** Smooth LED fading using PWM.
+- **Learnings:** `analogWrite()`, loops, variable increments.
+- **Hardware:** 1 LED on PWM pin, 220Ω resistor.
+
+### Knight Rider
+- **Folder:** Knight_Rider/
+- **Purpose:** Running light effect forward and backward.
+- **Learnings:** Sequencing, forward/backward animation, timing control.
+- **Hardware:** 5 LEDs, 220Ω resistors.
+
+---
+
+## Learning Goals
+- Advanced LED control techniques.
+- Sequencing, animation, and PWM usage.
+- Interactive controls with buttons.
+- Structuring multiple Arduino projects professionally.

Advanced/Random_Effects/README.md

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+# Random LED Effects Example
+
+This example uses the `random()` function to create unpredictable LED lighting.
+
+## What You Learn
+- Generating random numbers with `random()` and `randomSeed()`
+- Creating dynamic, non-repetitive LED effects
+- Combining randomness with control logic
+
+## Circuit
+- Three LEDs connected to pins 8–10 (each with a 220Ω resistor(really does'nt matter(for short life LED)))
+- Common ground connection
+
+Adding randomness makes LED projects look more organic and fun.

Advanced/Random_Effects/Random_Effects.ino

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+/*
+  Random Effects
+  ---------------
+  Demonstrates how to use the random() function to create unpredictable LED behavior.
+
+  Hardware setup:
+  - 3 LEDs connected to pins 8, 9, and 10 through 220Ω resistors(resrstors does'nt matter)
+*/
+
+int leds[] = {8, 9, 10};
+int numLeds = 3;
+
+void setup() {
+  for (int i = 0; i < numLeds; i++) {
+    pinMode(leds[i], OUTPUT);
+  }
+
+  randomSeed(analogRead(0)); // initialize random generator
+}
+
+void loop() {
+  int ledIndex = random(0, numLeds); // pick a random LED
+  int delayTime = random(100, 700);  // random delay
+
+  digitalWrite(leds[ledIndex], HIGH);
+  delay(delayTime);
+  digitalWrite(leds[ledIndex], LOW);
+}

Basics/Blink/Blink.ino

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+/*
+  Blink
+  -----
+  The simplest example to start with Arduino.
+  This program turns an LED on for one second, then off for one second, repeatedly.
+
+  Hardware setup:
+  - Connect an LED to digital pin 13 through a 220Ω resistor or without. Does not matter.
+*/
+
+void setup() {
+  // Initialize digital pin 13 as an output.
+  pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
+}
+
+void loop() {
+  digitalWrite(13, HIGH);   // Turn the LED on
+  delay(1000);              // Wait for one second
+  digitalWrite(13, LOW);    // Turn the LED off
+  delay(1000);              // Wait for one second
+}

Basics/Blink/Blink_with_random_Delay.ino

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+// led is on Pin 3
+const int led = 3;
+
+void setup() {
+    // led Pin(3) has Power OUTPUT
+    pinMode(led, OUTPUT);
+}
+
+void loop() {
+    // brightness is random
+    int brightness = random(55, 255);
+    // onTime is between 0,1 and 0,3 seconds
+    int onTime = random(100, 300);
+    // offTime is between 0,1 and 0,19 seconds
+    int offTime = random(100, 190);
+
+    digitalWrite(led, brightness);
+    // as delay, we take our defined onTime
+    delay(onTime);
+    digitalWrite(LOW);
+    // as delay, we take our defined offTime
+    delay(offTime);
+}

Basics/Blink/README.md

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+# Blink Example
+
+The most basic Arduino example — making an LED blink on and off.
+
+## What You Learn
+- How to set up an output pin
+- The use of `digitalWrite()` and `delay()`
+- The structure of `setup()` and `loop()` functions
+
+## Circuit
+- LED connected to pin 13 (through a 220Ω resistor)
+- Ground connected to the LED’s cathode
+
+This example introduces the fundamental concept of digital output control in Arduino.