[Version 9.0] Feature support for Static anonymous functions

standard/conversions.md

@@ -853,7 +853,7 @@ Anonymous functions may influence overload resolution, and participate in type i
 
 ### 10.7.2 Evaluation of anonymous function conversions to delegate types
 
-Conversion of an anonymous function to a delegate type produces a delegate instance that references the anonymous function and the (possibly empty) set of captured outer variables that are active at the time of the evaluation. When the delegate is invoked, the body of the anonymous function is executed. The code in the body is executed using the set of captured outer variables referenced by the delegate. A *delegate_creation_expression* ([§12.8.17.5](expressions.md#128175-delegate-creation-expressions)) can be used as an alternate syntax for converting an anonymous method to a delegate type.
+Conversion of an anonymous function to a delegate type produces a delegate instance that references the anonymous function and, for non-`static` anonymous functions, the (possibly empty) set of captured outer variables that are active at the time of the evaluation. When the delegate is invoked, the body of the anonymous function is executed. The code in the body is executed using the set of captured outer variables referenced by the delegate. A *delegate_creation_expression* ([§12.8.17.5](expressions.md#128175-delegate-creation-expressions)) can be used as an alternate syntax for converting an anonymous method to a delegate type.
 
 The invocation list of a delegate produced from an anonymous function contains a single entry. The exact target object and target method of the delegate are unspecified. In particular, it is unspecified whether the target object of the delegate is `null`, the `this` value of the enclosing function member, or some other object.
 

standard/expressions.md

@@ -2177,8 +2177,8 @@
 A *null_conditional_invocation_expression* is syntactically either a *null_conditional_member_access* ([§12.8.8](expressions.md#1288-null-conditional-member-access)) or *null_conditional_element_access* ([§12.8.13](expressions.md#12813-null-conditional-element-access)) where the final *dependent_access* is an invocation expression ([§12.8.10](expressions.md#12810-invocation-expressions)).
 
 A *null_conditional_invocation_expression* occurs within the context of a *statement_expression* ([§13.7](statements.md#137-expression-statements)), *anonymous_function_body* ([§12.21.1](expressions.md#12211-general)), or *method_body* ([§15.6.1](classes.md#1561-general)).
 
 Unlike the syntactically equivalent *null_conditional_member_access* or *null_conditional_element_access*, a *null_conditional_invocation_expression* may be classified as nothing.
 
 ```ANTLR
 null_conditional_invocation_expression
@@ -2258,7 +2258,7 @@
 - The *primary_expression* has compile-time type `dynamic`.
 - At least one expression of the *argument_list* has compile-time type `dynamic`.
 
 In this case the compile-time type of the *element_access* depends on the compile-time type of its *primary_expression*: if it has an array type then the compile-time type is the element type of that array type; otherwise the compile-time type is `dynamic` and the *element_access* is classified as a value of type `dynamic`. The rules below to determine the meaning of the *element_access* are then applied at run-time, using the run-time type instead of the compile-time type of those of the *primary_expression* and *argument_list* expressions which have the compile-time type `dynamic`. If the *primary_expression* does not have compile-time type `dynamic`, then the element access undergoes a limited compile-time check as described in [§12.6.5](expressions.md#1265-compile-time-checking-of-dynamic-member-invocation).
 
 > *Example*:
 >
@@ -3109,8 +3109,8 @@
 ### 12.8.18 The typeof operator
 
 The `typeof` operator is used to obtain the `System.Type` object for a type.
 
 ```ANTLR
 typeof_expression
     : 'typeof' '(' type ')'
     | 'typeof' '(' unbound_type_name ')'
@@ -3394,7 +3394,7 @@
 - one of the following value types: `sbyte`, `byte`, `short`, `ushort`, `int`, `uint`, `long`, `ulong`, `char`, `float`, `double`, `decimal`, `bool,`; or
 - any enumeration type.
 
 ### 12.8.22 Stack allocation
 
 A stack allocation expression allocates a block of memory from the execution stack. The ***execution stack*** is an area of memory where local variables are stored. The execution stack is not part of the managed heap. The memory used for local variable storage is automatically recovered when the current function returns.
 
@@ -5254,20 +5254,25 @@
 - Otherwise, `y` is evaluated and converted to the type of the conditional expression, and this becomes the result of the conditional expression.
 
 ## 12.21 Anonymous function expressions
 
 ### 12.21.1 General
 
 An ***anonymous function*** is an expression that represents an “in-line” method definition. An anonymous function does not have a value or type in and of itself, but is convertible to a compatible delegate or expression-tree type. The evaluation of an anonymous-function conversion depends on the target type of the conversion: If it is a delegate type, the conversion evaluates to a delegate value referencing the method that the anonymous function defines. If it is an expression-tree type, the conversion evaluates to an expression tree that represents the structure of the method as an object structure.
 
 > *Note*: For historical reasons, there are two syntactic flavors of anonymous functions, namely *lambda_expression*s and *anonymous_method_expression*s. For almost all purposes, *lambda_expression*s are more concise and expressive than *anonymous_method_expression*s, which remain in the language for backwards compatibility. *end note*
 
 ```ANTLR
 lambda_expression
-    : 'async'? anonymous_function_signature '=>' anonymous_function_body
+    : anonymous_function_modifier? anonymous_function_signature '=>' anonymous_function_body
     ;
 
 anonymous_method_expression
-    : 'async'? 'delegate' explicit_anonymous_function_signature? block
+    : anonymous_function_modifier? 'delegate' explicit_anonymous_function_signature? block
+    ;
+
+anonymous_function_modifier
+    : 'async' 'static'?
+    | 'static' 'async'?
     ;
 
 anonymous_function_signature
@@ -5316,6 +5321,12 @@
     ;
 ```
 
+If the modifier `static` is present, the anonymous function cannot capture state from the enclosing scope.
+
+A non-`static` local function or non-`static` anonymous function can capture state from an enclosing `static` anonymous function, but cannot capture state outside the enclosing static anonymous function.
+
+Removing the `static` modifier from an anonymous function in a valid program does not change the meaning of the program.
+
 When recognising an *anonymous_function_body* if both the *null_conditional_invocation_expression* and *expression* alternatives are applicable then the former shall be chosen.
 
 <!-- markdownlint-disable MD028 -->
@@ -5365,11 +5376,11 @@
 > x => x + 1                             // Implicitly typed, expression body
 > x => { return x + 1; }                 // Implicitly typed, block body
 > (int x) => x + 1                       // Explicitly typed, expression body
-> (int x) => { return x + 1; }           // Explicitly typed, block body
+> static (int x) => { return x + 1; }    // Explicitly typed, block body
 > (x, y) => x * y                        // Multiple parameters
 > () => Console.WriteLine()              // No parameters
 > async (t1,t2) => await t1 + await t2   // Async
-> delegate (int x) { return x + 1; }     // Anonymous method expression
+> static delegate (int x) { return x + 1; } // Anonymous method expression
 > delegate { return 1 + 1; }             // Parameter list omitted
 > ```
 >
@@ -5399,8 +5410,10 @@
 - If the anonymous function includes a signature, the parameters specified in the signature are available in the body. If the anonymous function has no signature it can be converted to a delegate type or expression type having parameters ([§10.7](conversions.md#107-anonymous-function-conversions)), but the parameters cannot be accessed in the body.
 - Except for by-reference parameters specified in the signature (if any) of the nearest enclosing anonymous function, it is a compile-time error for the body to access a by-reference parameter.
 - Except for parameters specified in the signature (if any) of the nearest enclosing anonymous function, it is a compile-time error for the body to access a parameter of a `ref struct` type.
-- When the type of `this` is a struct type, it is a compile-time error for the body to access `this`. This is true whether the access is explicit (as in `this.x`) or implicit (as in `x` where `x` is an instance member of the struct). This rule simply prohibits such access and does not affect whether member lookup results in a member of the struct.
-- The body has access to the outer variables ([§12.21.6](expressions.md#12216-outer-variables)) of the anonymous function. Access of an outer variable will reference the instance of the variable that is active at the time the *lambda_expression* or *anonymous_method_expression* is evaluated ([§12.21.7](expressions.md#12217-evaluation-of-anonymous-function-expressions)).
+- If the modifier `static` is present, it is a compile-time error for the body to access `this` or `base`.
+- If the modifier `static` is absent, when the type of `this` is a struct type, it is a compile-time error for the body to access `this`. This is true whether the access is explicit (as in `this.x`) or implicit (as in `x` where `x` is an instance member of the struct). This rule simply prohibits such access and does not affect whether member lookup results in a member of the struct.
+- If the modifier `static` is absent, the body has access to the outer variables ([§12.21.6](expressions.md#12216-outer-variables)) of the anonymous function. Access of an outer variable will reference the instance of the variable that is active at the time the *lambda_expression* or *anonymous_method_expression* is evaluated ([§12.21.7](expressions.md#12217-evaluation-of-anonymous-function-expressions)).
+- If the modifier `static` is present, the body may use outer variable names as operands to `nameof`.
 - It is a compile-time error for the body to contain a `goto` statement, a `break` statement, or a `continue` statement whose target is outside the body or within the body of a contained anonymous function.
 - A `return` statement in the body returns control from an invocation of the nearest enclosing anonymous function, not from the enclosing function member.
 
@@ -5485,6 +5498,8 @@
 
 Any local variable, value parameter, or parameter array whose scope includes the *lambda_expression* or *anonymous_method_expression* is called an ***outer variable*** of the anonymous function. In an instance function member of a class, the this value is considered a value parameter and is an outer variable of any anonymous function contained within the function member.
 
+That said, if the modifier `static` is present, the anonymous function cannot capture state from the enclosing scope. As a result, locals, parameters, and `this` from the enclosing scope are not available to that anonymous function.
+
 #### 12.21.6.2 Captured outer variables
 
 When an outer variable is referenced by an anonymous function, the outer variable is said to have been ***captured*** by the anonymous function. Ordinarily, the lifetime of a local variable is limited to execution of the block or statement with which it is associated ([§9.2.9.1](variables.md#9291-general)). However, the lifetime of a captured outer variable is extended at least until the delegate or expression tree created from the anonymous function becomes eligible for garbage collection.
@@ -5524,7 +5539,7 @@
 >
 > *end example*
 
-When a local variable or a value parameter is captured by an anonymous function, the local variable or parameter is no longer considered to be a fixed variable ([§24.4](unsafe-code.md#244-fixed-and-moveable-variables)), but is instead considered to be a moveable variable. However, captured outer variables cannot be used in a `fixed` statement ([§24.7](unsafe-code.md#247-the-fixed-statement)), so the address of a captured outer variable cannot be taken.
+When a local variable or a value parameter is captured by a non-`static` anonymous function, the local variable or parameter is no longer considered to be a fixed variable ([§24.4](unsafe-code.md#244-fixed-and-moveable-variables)), but is instead considered to be a moveable variable. However, captured outer variables cannot be used in a `fixed` statement ([§24.7](unsafe-code.md#247-the-fixed-statement)), so the address of a captured outer variable cannot be taken.
 
 > *Note*: Unlike an uncaptured variable, a captured local variable can be simultaneously exposed to multiple threads of execution. *end note*
 
@@ -5563,7 +5578,7 @@
 >
 > *end example*
 
-When not captured, there is no way to observe exactly how often a local variable is instantiated—because the lifetimes of the instantiations are disjoint, it is possible for each instantiation to simply use the same storage location. However, when an anonymous function captures a local variable, the effects of instantiation become apparent.
+When not captured, there is no way to observe exactly how often a local variable is instantiated—because the lifetimes of the instantiations are disjoint, it is possible for each instantiation to simply use the same storage location. However, when a non-`static` anonymous function captures a local variable, the effects of instantiation become apparent.
 
 > *Example*: The example
 >
@@ -5683,7 +5698,7 @@
 >
 > *end example*
 
-It is possible for anonymous function delegates to share some captured variables yet have separate instances of others.
+It is possible for non-`static` anonymous function delegates to share some captured variables yet have separate instances of others.
 
 > *Example*: For example, if `F` is changed to
 >
@@ -5712,7 +5727,7 @@
 >
 > *end example*
 
-Separate anonymous functions can capture the same instance of an outer variable.
+Separate non-`static` anonymous functions can capture the same instance of an outer variable.
 
 > *Example*: In the example:
 >
@@ -6721,7 +6736,7 @@
 ## 12.23 Assignment operators
 
 ### 12.23.1 General
 
 All but one of the assignment operators assigns a new value to a variable, a property, an event, or an indexer element. The exception, `= ref`, assigns a variable reference ([§9.5](variables.md#95-variable-references)) to a reference variable ([§9.7](variables.md#97-reference-variables-and-returns)).
 
 ```ANTLR

standard/unsafe-code.md

@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ The `&` operator ([§24.6.5](unsafe-code.md#2465-the-address-of-operator)) permi
 
 In precise terms, a fixed variable is one of the following:
 
-- A variable resulting from a *simple_name* ([§12.8.4](expressions.md#1284-simple-names)) that refers to a local variable, value parameter, or parameter array, unless the variable is captured by an anonymous function ([§12.21.6.2](expressions.md#122162-captured-outer-variables)).
+- A variable resulting from a *simple_name* ([§12.8.4](expressions.md#1284-simple-names)) that refers to a local variable, value parameter, or parameter array, unless the variable is captured by a non-`static` anonymous function ([§12.21.6.2](expressions.md#122162-captured-outer-variables)).
 - A variable resulting from a *member_access* ([§12.8.7](expressions.md#1287-member-access)) of the form `V.I`, where `V` is a fixed variable of a *struct_type*.
 - A variable resulting from a *pointer_indirection_expression* ([§24.6.2](unsafe-code.md#2462-pointer-indirection)) of the form `*P`, a *pointer_member_access* ([§24.6.3](unsafe-code.md#2463-pointer-member-access)) of the form `P->I`, or a *pointer_element_access* ([§24.6.4](unsafe-code.md#2464-pointer-element-access)) of the form `P[E]`.
 

standard/variables.md

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ For the purpose of definite-assignment checking, an array element is considered
 
 ### 9.2.5 Value parameters
 
-A value parameter comes into existence upon invocation of the function member (method, instance constructor, accessor, or operator) or anonymous function to which the parameter belongs, and is initialized with the value of the argument given in the invocation. A value parameter normally ceases to exist when execution of the function body completes. However, if the value parameter is captured by an anonymous function ([§12.21.6.2](expressions.md#122162-captured-outer-variables)), its lifetime extends at least until the delegate or expression tree created from that anonymous function is eligible for garbage collection.
+A value parameter comes into existence upon invocation of the function member (method, instance constructor, accessor, or operator) or anonymous function to which the parameter belongs, and is initialized with the value of the argument given in the invocation. A value parameter normally ceases to exist when execution of the function body completes. However, if the value parameter is captured by a non-`static` anonymous function ([§12.21.6.2](expressions.md#122162-captured-outer-variables)), its lifetime extends at least until the delegate or expression tree created from that anonymous function is eligible for garbage collection.
 
 For the purpose of definite-assignment checking, a value parameter is considered initially assigned.
 
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ A ***local variable*** is declared by a *local_variable_declaration*, *declarati
 
 A *local_variable_declaration* can occur in a *block*, a *for_statement*, a *switch_block*, or a *using_statement*. A *declaration_expression* can occur as an `out` *argument_value*, and as a *tuple_element* that is the target of a deconstructing assignment ([§12.23.2](expressions.md#12232-simple-assignment)).
 
-The lifetime of a local variable is the portion of program execution during which storage is guaranteed to be reserved for it. This lifetime extends from entry into the scope with which it is associated, at least until execution of that scope ends in some way. (Entering an enclosed *block*, calling a method, or yielding a value from an iterator block suspends, but does not end, execution of the current scope.) If the local variable is captured by an anonymous function ([§12.21.6.2](expressions.md#122162-captured-outer-variables)), its lifetime extends at least until the delegate or expression tree created from the anonymous function, along with any other objects that come to reference the captured variable, are eligible for garbage collection. If the parent scope is entered recursively or iteratively, a new instance of the local variable is created each time, and its initializer, if any, is evaluated each time.
+The lifetime of a local variable is the portion of program execution during which storage is guaranteed to be reserved for it. This lifetime extends from entry into the scope with which it is associated, at least until execution of that scope ends in some way. (Entering an enclosed *block*, calling a method, or yielding a value from an iterator block suspends, but does not end, execution of the current scope.) If the local variable is captured by a non-`static` anonymous function ([§12.21.6.2](expressions.md#122162-captured-outer-variables)), its lifetime extends at least until the delegate or expression tree created from the anonymous function, along with any other objects that come to reference the captured variable, are eligible for garbage collection. If the parent scope is entered recursively or iteratively, a new instance of the local variable is created each time, and its initializer, if any, is evaluated each time.
 
 > *Note*: A local variable is instantiated each time its scope is entered. This behavior is visible to user code containing anonymous methods. *end note*
 <!-- markdownlint-disable MD028 -->