Improved image zoom enhancer with DOM safety checks

[seer-by-sentry]

Fixes ECENCY-NEXT-WMH. The issue was that: ChunkLoadError for react-tweet causes DOM instability, leading applyImageZoom to access parentNode on a detached element.

• Added checks to ensure image elements are still connected to the DOM before processing to prevent errors.
• Implemented null checking for parentNode to avoid issues in iOS Safari.
• Added try-catch blocks to handle potential errors during DOM access and manipulation, logging warnings instead of crashing.
• Re-verified element connection before replacing it in the DOM.
• Added parentElement verification before attempting manipulation

This fix was generated by Seer in Sentry, triggered automatically. 👁️ Run ID: 36411

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