arduino-bit-manupulation

Helium Console decoders

https://github.com/helium/console-decoders

interesting docker github

https://github.com/thesolarnomad/ttn-proto-utils

https://github.com/thesolarnomad/ttn-proto-utils/blob/master/example/arduino/src/main.cpp

Made a fork of https://github.com/hpssjellis/lora-serialization

Great Resources

https://github.com/thesolarnomad/lora-serialization

https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/t/decrypting-messages-for-dummies/4894/4

https://github.com/thesolarnomad/lora-serialization

https://www.rapidtables.com/convert/number/ascii-to-hex.html

https://core-electronics.com.au/guides/encoding-and-decoding-payloads-on-the-things-network/

// LSB (least significant byte first):
var temperature = bytes[1]<<8 | bytes[0];
var pressure = bytes[3]<<8 | bytes[2];




// LSB (least significant byte first) and sign-extension to get 4 bytes 
// for proper decoding of negative values:
var temperature = bytes[1]<<24>>16 | bytes[0];

Good ones to decode

Easy: https://github.com/helium/console-decoders/blob/master/Wisblock/1906/decoder.js

https://github.com/helium/console-decoders/blob/master/RAK4631-LPWAN-Tracker/decoder.js

Good with definitions

https://github.com/helium/console-decoders/blob/master/Ursalink/AM100%20-%20AM102%20Payload%20Decoder/decoder.js

https://github.com/helium/console-decoders/blob/master/StregaTechnologies/DECODER-V3-V4.js

https://github.com/helium/console-decoders/blob/master/SEEED/Seeeduino_LoRaWAN/decoder.js

Advanced:

https://github.com/helium/console-decoders/blob/master/senstick/decoder.js

https://github.com/helium/console-decoders/blob/master/MCCI/Catena/decoder-port2.js

LAIRD explanation
https://github.com/helium/console-decoders/blob/master/Laird/RS1xx%20LoRa%20Protocol.pdf

LAIRD decoder

https://github.com/helium/console-decoders/blob/master/Laird/decoder.js

From Alex

https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/docs/devices/bytes/#:~:text=A%20byte%20is%20a%20group,0(00)%20and%20255.

https://www.thethingsindustries.com/docs/integrations/

Bitwise Online Calculators

best

https://www.rapidtables.com/convert/number/binary-converter.html

https://www.rapidtables.com/calc/math/binary-calculator.html

https://bitwisecmd.com/

https://truthtablemaker.com/

https://www.omnicalculator.com/math/twos-complement

https://www.omnicalculator.com/math/xor

https://onlinetoolz.net/bitshift#base=8&value=255&bits=8&steps=1&dir=l&type=ari&allsteps=1

https://miniwebtool.com/bitwise-calculator/bit-shift/?data_type=10&number=45&place=4&operator=Shift+Right

https://www.omnicalculator.com/math/bit-shift

https://www.omnicalculator.com/math/bitwise

https://www.omnicalculator.com/math/binary-operations

https://www.omnicalculator.com/math/ones-complement

https://www.omnicalculator.com/math/binary-subtraction

Just some research before doing some decoder work

Javascript Reference

https://www.w3schools.com/js/js_bitwise.asp

https://www.programiz.com/javascript/bitwise-operators

Arduino Refernece

https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/Foundations/BitMask

https://www.arduino.cc/reference/tr/language/structure/bitwise-operators/bitshiftleft/

https://www.bluetin.io/robot-control/arduino-port-access-bitwise-op/

For a practical example, let's take the value 170, binary 10101010. To pulse this value out of pin 7 the code might look as follows:

byte transmit = 7; //define our transmit pin
byte data = 170; //value to transmit, binary 10101010
byte mask = 1; //our bitmask
byte bitDelay = 100;

void setup()
{

   pinMode(transmit,OUTPUT);
}

void loop()
{

  for (mask = 00000001; mask>0; mask <<= 1) { //iterate through bit mask

    if (data & mask){ // if bitwise AND resolves to true

      digitalWrite(transmit,HIGH); // send 1

    }

    else{ //if bitwise and resolves to false

      digitalWrite(transmit,LOW); // send 0

    }

    delayMicroseconds(bitDelay); //delay

  }
}

 Operation  Result
   ---------  ------
    1 <<  0      1
    1 <<  1      2
    1 <<  2      4
    1 <<  3      8
    ...
    1 <<  8    256
    1 <<  9    512
    1 << 10   1024
    ...
The following example can be used to print out the value of a received byte to the serial monitor, using the left shift operator to move along the byte from bottom(LSB) to top (MSB), and print out its Binary value:

// Prints out Binary value (1 or 0) of byte
void printOut1(int c) {
  for (int bits = 7; bits > -1; bits--) {
    // Compare bits 7-0 in byte
    if (c & (1 << bits)) {
      Serial.print("1");
    }
    else {
      Serial.print("0");
    }
  }
}