General data downlink system for our vehicles
The STM32F103 series of microcontrollers needs an external 1.5 kOhm pullup resistor to the 3.3 V supply rail on the D+ line for proper used, as per table 3 in section 2.1 of AN4879.
This explains why previous boards failed to work with USB communications. The TITAN 2022 board managed to work because there was a 10 kOhm resistor for this pullup, likely the minimum needed for this.
There is also no need for the 22 Ohm resistors on the USB data lines.