Challenge: Compile the cgreeter c library, generate interop bindings within Kotlin/Native, and invoke the c library function in a Kotlin file.

Step 0: Compile kgreeter

0. Download CLion: https://www.jetbrains.com/clion/download

1. clone the project repo: git clone https://github.com/mutexkid/kotlin-native-workshop

2. open a terminal and go to the root directory of the repo. type ./gradlew tasks to list the available tasks for the project. Notice the following output:

   Build tasks
   -----------
   assemble - Assembles the outputs of this project.
   build - Assembles and tests this project.
   clean - Deletes the build directory.
   compileKonan - Compiles all the Kotlin/Native artifacts
   compileKonanKgreeter - Build the Kotlin/Native executable 'compileKonanKgreeter' for all supported and declared targets
   compileKonanKgreeterMacbook - Build the Kotlin/Native executable 'compileKonanKgreeterMacbook' for target 'macbook'
   compileKonanKgreeterMacos_x64 - Build the Kotlin/Native executable 'compileKonanKgreeterMacos_x64' for target 'macos_x64'
   
   

3. run the task compileKonanKgreeterMacbook by entering ./gradlew compileKonanKgreeterMacbook to create a native binary for macbook. Note that on the first time running, the kotlin/native compiler and cinterop tools will be downloaded - wait patiently!

4. Notice that the build directory has been created. Run the native binary that was compiled by entering: ./build/konan/bin/macos_x64/kgreeter.kexe.

5. Observe the following output: Hello from Kotlin/Native!

Step 1: Compile the cgreeter c library

2. Observe the CmakeLists.txt file in the directory ./src/libs/cgreeter. This is a configuration tool similar to gradle for c projects. To build the c library, you first must generate a Makefile using cmake (command line tool). Change to the ./src/libs/cgreeter directory and type cmake CmakeLists.txt to generate the build config.
3. Compile the library by running make within the ./src/libs/cgreeter directory.
4. Notice that a static library was generated by the compiler: ./src/libs/cgreeter/libcgreeter.a

Step 2: Generate interop stubs from kgreeter

1. Now that the library is compiled, you will generate interop bindings that allow you to invoke the c function from kotlin/native. The cinterop tool (part of the kotlin/native toolchain) requires 2 things: a header file (similar to a java interface), and a library (either a .a or .dylib on *nix machines).

2. Open cgreeter.c. Notice the signature of the sayHelloInC function.

3. Define a header file for the cgreeter library so that the interop tool can create a matching stub file. Create a file called cgreeter.h and add the signature only for sayHelloInC:

   cgreeter.h:

   void sayHelloInC(char *name);

4. Next, you will generate the interop bindings that will allow you to call the function from kotlin/native. Kotlin/Native uses the cinterop tool to allow you to invoke functions in the c library you compiled from Kotlin, and the cinterop tool takes the specification for the library you wish to bind to as a gradle defintion.

5. Add an interop entry to the build.gradle file, and the cgreeter artifact dependency to the kgreeter program definition. After completing, your build.gradle should look like the following:

   build.gradle:

   plugins {
       id "org.jetbrains.kotlin.konan" version "0.8"
   }
   
   konanArtifacts {
              
       interop('cgreeter', targets: ['macbook']) {
          defFile 'cgreeter.def'
       }
       program('kgreeter', targets: ['macbook']) {
           srcDir "${project.rootDir}/src/main/kotlin"
           libraries {
               artifact 'cgreeter'
           }
       }
   }
   
   

6. Notice that cgreeter.def is referenced in the build.gradle but doesn't exist yet. Time to fix that. Create a file called cgreeter.def in the project root, and add the following:

   cgreeter.def:

   package = cgreeter
   headers = cgreeter.h
   compilerOpts=-I./src/libs/cgreeter/
   libraryPaths =./src/libs/cgreeter/
   staticLibraries = libcgreeter.a 
   

   The definition specifies the location of the header and binary for the cgreeter library so that the cinterop tool can generate bindings.

7. Verify the cinterop config works correctly by running ./gradlew compileKonanKgreeterMacbook. Notice that a new step was added to the gradle output: > :compileKonanCgreeterMacos_x64. In this step, the interop bindings were generated for the c library and added to the project (under build/konan/libs/macos_x64/cgreeter.klib-build )

Step 3: Call the interopped c library

1. The interop stubs have been created for the c library. Now you can call the library from Kotlin/Native. Add the following to hello.kt:

   hello.kt

   import kotlinx.cinterop.cstr
   
   fun main(args: Array<String>) {
       println("Hello from Kotlin/Native!")
       cgreeter.sayHelloInC("Josh".cstr)
   }

2. Compile and run the program: ./gradlew compileKonanKgreeter && ./build/konan/bin/macos_x64/kgreeter.kexe

3. Notice several things about the file:

   • import kotlinx.cinterop : K/N cinterop features are imported from this package and include types to represent C Pointers, C Variables, and many other useful features: https://kotlinlang.org/docs/tutorials/native/interop-with-c.html
   • cgreeter.sayHelloInC() : here you imported the cgreeter library that you compiled and generated bindings for
   • "Josh".cstr You converted a Kotlin string type to the corresponding c type, a char * . (using the kotlinx.cinterop .cstr extension)