Performance

Throughput and footprint of Titanium as a reverse / edge proxy and as a decrypting (MITM) proxy, measured on the same harness against YARP, nginx, HAProxy, and Envoy where each OS can run them.

RPS is requests per second (gRPC tables use RPC/s). Numbers are Release builds on matched GitHub-hosted runners: Windows and Linux at 4 vCPU / 16 GiB, macOS at macos-15 Apple Silicon 3-core / 7 GB. We compare products within an OS, not OS against OS, so read within one table — absolute RPS is not comparable across operating systems. Not possible means that product cannot run that path on that OS; Not measured means the path exists but no published number yet.

For pooling knobs and certificate first-visit tuning, see Performance and pooling. Laptop cool A/B tables (not publishable) live on Performance Local Lab.

Why this comparison is fair

• Same load generator, same origin process, and the same warmup / measure windows (2s / 8s) with the same concurrency ramp (8, 16, 32, 64).
• Every reverse arm is three OS processes: load generator + origin + proxy. Origin-direct omits the proxy; peers are never in-process with the client.
• Same runner class per table (windows-latest / ubuntu-latest / macos-15). Laptop numbers are never mixed into these tables.
• Peers use equivalent TLS/ALPN and streaming-friendly settings on the same loopback shape. HAProxy and Envoy are Linux/macOS only — Not possible on Windows, so their columns are omitted there.
• MITM (HTTPS decryption with forged certificates) is Titanium-only; peers cannot MITM. Those tables show Titanium MITM overhead versus its own reverse path on the same wires.
• Tiny keep-alive GET (~56-byte JSON) is the industry RPS shape (same class as wrk / TechEmpower). It is also real for small JSON APIs and health checks.
• Same-protocol H2↔H2 / H3↔H3 on that shape is Titanium’s best case: with interception off, Titanium copies frames instead of decoding and re-encoding headers (peers do a full HTTP decode). Medals there are not the typical reverse-proxy job.
• Typical reverse is H1 TLS→H1 or H2→H1 (~1.1× YARP on Win/Linux tiny GET). With larger bodies, see Heavier reverse (ratios @ 41f4adee).

How to read the tables

• Bold RPS is sustain (last concurrency that still met error/latency SLOs). When peak differs, it appears in the same cell as <sub>(peak N · …)</sub> with RSS/CPU. When sustain equals peak, peak is omitted.
• 🥇 = best among OS-possible peers on that row (highest sustain RPS; on a tie, lower memory then lower CPU%). On tiny Reverse that is Titanium / nginx / YARP (plus HAProxy / Envoy on Linux/macOS). The same rule applies to heavier reverse, architecture-sensitive, TLS-cost, gRPC, and WebSocket peer tables. Gold on tiny GET is that frame-copy best case, not “Titanium is 1.7× on all reverse.” For larger-body H2→H2, see the heavier tables.
• MITM tables are Titanium-only (no peer medal). Lite÷Reverse / Full÷Reverse = Titanium MITM sustain ÷ Titanium reverse sustain on the same Client×Origin pair — the overhead of decrypting and intercepting versus bare reverse, not versus nginx or YARP.
• Not possible = cannot do that path. Not measured = path exists but no published number yet. When every row would be Not possible for a peer, that column is omitted and a note above the table explains why.

Contents

• Why this comparison is fair
• How to read the tables
• Measurement environment
  • Windows (GitHub-hosted windows-latest)
  • Linux (GitHub-hosted ubuntu-latest)
  • macOS (GitHub-hosted macos-15, Apple Silicon)
  • Saturation control
• Windows — Titanium vs nginx vs YARP
• Linux — Titanium vs nginx vs HAProxy vs Envoy vs YARP
• macOS — Titanium vs nginx vs HAProxy vs Envoy vs YARP
• Editions (CLI / Plus / Intercept)
• Cross-version (7.0 vs 6.0)
• Heavier reverse workloads
• Unary gRPC (H2 TLS)
• Unary gRPC (H2 TLS → h2c)
• WebSocket (H1 TLS → H1 TLS)
• WebSocket (H2 TLS 8441 → H1)
• Other measurements
• Raising limits on large hosts
• Maintainer notes

Measurement environment

All three OS use public-repo GitHub-hosted runners: Windows / Linux at 4 vCPU / 16 GiB / 14 GB SSD, macOS at macos-15 Apple Silicon (M1) 3-core / 7 GB (pinned, not macos-latest). macOS is Apple Silicon because that is what Mac users run today; the runner sizes differ, which is fine because we compare products within an OS. Same harness knobs: warmup 2s / measure 8s; concurrency 8, 16, 32, 64; median of 3 repeats. Prefer Titanium÷YARP / Titanium÷nginx ratios over absolute RPS.

Laptop High-perf / cool-paired Windows numbers live on Performance Local Lab. Do not mix those absolutes into the tables below.

Windows (GitHub-hosted windows-latest)

OS	Windows Server (GitHub-hosted windows-latest)
CPU	4 logical processors
RAM	16 GiB
Runtime	.NET 10.0.x
nginx	nginx/Windows 1.31.3 (same-OS only; no QUIC)
HAProxy	Not possible on Windows (no official port)
Envoy	Not possible on Windows (upstream discontinued Windows builds)
YARP	Yarp.ReverseProxy 2.3.0
Harness	RpsLoadProbe Release; median of 3 repeats

Linux (GitHub-hosted ubuntu-latest)

OS	Ubuntu 24.04.x LTS
CPU	4 logical processors (AMD EPYC; runners this pass were 7763 / 9V74)
RAM	16 GiB
Runtime	.NET 10.0.11
nginx	nginx/1.31.4 (nginx.org mainline, --with-http_v3_module)
HAProxy	HAProxy 3.2.23 built with USE_QUIC (GHA; Ubuntu distro 2.8 is not QUIC-capable)
Envoy	pinned GitHub release static binary 1.36.7 (HTTP/3 compiled in)
YARP	Yarp.ReverseProxy 2.3.0
Harness	RpsLoadProbe Release; median of 3 repeats where noted

macOS (GitHub-hosted macos-15, Apple Silicon)

OS	macOS 15 (GitHub-hosted macos-15, Apple Silicon arm64)
CPU	3 logical processors (Apple M1)
RAM	7 GB
Runtime	.NET 10.0.x
nginx	Homebrew nginx with --with-http_v3_module (workflow fails if missing)
HAProxy	Homebrew haproxy with USE_QUIC (workflow fails if missing; 3.2.23 osx source fallback)
Envoy	Homebrew bottle when present; else pinned darwin-arm64 1.36.7 (official GitHub assets are Linux-only). HTTP/3 compiled in.
MsQuic	Homebrew libmsquic + openssl@3 on DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH / DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH (QuicListener.IsSupported)
YARP	Yarp.ReverseProxy 2.3.0
Harness	RpsLoadProbe Release; median of 3 repeats where noted

Use the pinned macos-15 label (not macos-latest) so the image does not change between runs.

Saturation control

Calibration for the shared 4 vCPU loopback shape: how close client + origin are to saturated before ranking reverse peers. Tiny keep-alive GET. Blocks A and B: median of 3 repeats @ 41f4adee — 36853300134. Block C is a later re-measure (see that heading). Warmup 2s / measure 8s; concurrency 8, 16, 32, 64. Block A % of origin-HttpClient uses median peak RPS. Blocks B/C use peer÷YARP / ÷nginx on median peak (not % of H1 origin). RPS cells embed median RSS / CPU for the proxy child plus its full descendant tree (serve-proxy → nginx master → workers); origin-direct samples the origin child. Product matrices below use matched dotnet-httpclient only (not bombardier).

Block A — H1 plain

Arm	Generator	Notes
origin-direct	dotnet-httpclient	No proxy — origin ceiling under the same client used for publishable ratios
origin-direct-bombardier	bombardier	External client check (CI installs bombardier)
bare-reverse-http1	dotnet-httpclient	Thin C# H1 reverse (BareHttp1ReverseProxy) — .NET runtime / loopback ceiling for a three-process reverse hop; not a product peer
nginx-reverse-http1 / yarp-reverse-http1 / twp-reverse-http1	dotnet-httpclient	Product peers (medals among these three only)

Windows (windows-latest)

Arm	Generator	RPS	% of origin-HttpClient
origin-direct	dotnet-httpclient	50,668 (55 MiB / 41.5% CPU)	100.0%
origin-direct-bombardier	bombardier	39,281 (56 MiB / 22.5% CPU)	77.5%
bare-reverse-http1	dotnet-httpclient	25,315 (60 MiB / 47.6% CPU)	50.0%
nginx-reverse-http1	dotnet-httpclient	13,599 (125 MiB / 24.9% CPU)	26.8%
yarp-reverse-http1	dotnet-httpclient	21,373 (88 MiB / 49.9% CPU)	42.2%
twp-reverse-http1	dotnet-httpclient	🥇 25,546 (73 MiB / 48.4% CPU)	50.4%

Linux (ubuntu-latest)

Arm	Generator	RPS	% of origin-HttpClient
origin-direct	dotnet-httpclient	67,804 (80 MiB / 41.9% CPU)	100.0%
origin-direct-bombardier	bombardier	40,543 (79 MiB / 34.5% CPU)	59.8%
bare-reverse-http1	dotnet-httpclient	31,377 (69 MiB / 44.2% CPU)	46.3%
nginx-reverse-http1	dotnet-httpclient	🥇 38,409 (75 MiB / 41.2% CPU)	56.6%
yarp-reverse-http1	dotnet-httpclient	27,147 (114 MiB / 50.6% CPU)	40.0%
twp-reverse-http1	dotnet-httpclient	31,727 (85 MiB / 49.7% CPU)	46.8%

macOS (macos-15, Apple Silicon)

Arm	Generator	RPS	% of origin-HttpClient
origin-direct	dotnet-httpclient	8,344 (89 MiB / 5.9% CPU)	100.0%
origin-direct-bombardier	bombardier	39,982 (89 MiB / 23.1% CPU)	479.2%
bare-reverse-http1	dotnet-httpclient	19,997 (82 MiB / 26.7% CPU)	239.7%
nginx-reverse-http1	dotnet-httpclient	🥇 25,507 (68 MiB / 21.2% CPU)	305.7%
yarp-reverse-http1	dotnet-httpclient	21,354 (135 MiB / 37.1% CPU)	255.9%
twp-reverse-http1	dotnet-httpclient	17,976 (106 MiB / 35.9% CPU)	215.4%

On this macOS run origin-direct stayed near idle (5.9% CPU), so the % of origin-HttpClient column is not a ceiling. Rank those Mac peers by RPS.

Reverse peers are about 51–48% of the origin-direct HttpClient peak on the Windows and Linux runners (Win TWP 51.2%, Lin TWP 47.9%). Prefer the % column over absolute RPS across runs. Bare and origin-direct are controls (not medal peers).

Block B — H2 TLS→H1

Peer ratios (÷YARP / ÷nginx) on median peak; RPS cells embed (MiB / CPU%).

Windows (windows-latest)

Arm	Generator	RPS	÷YARP	÷nginx
nginx-reverse-http2	dotnet-httpclient	7,915 (142 MiB / 24.7% CPU)	0.27×	1.00×
yarp-reverse-http2	dotnet-httpclient	28,934 (95 MiB / 53.9% CPU)	1.00×	3.66×
twp-reverse-http2-cleartext	dotnet-httpclient	🥇 35,415 (95 MiB / 50.6% CPU)	1.22×	4.47×

Linux (ubuntu-latest)

Arm	Generator	RPS	÷YARP	÷nginx
nginx-reverse-http2	dotnet-httpclient	14,622 (100 MiB / 19.3% CPU)	0.51×	1.00×
yarp-reverse-http2	dotnet-httpclient	28,734 (122 MiB / 50.0% CPU)	1.00×	1.97×
twp-reverse-http2-cleartext	dotnet-httpclient	🥇 33,677 (116 MiB / 51.1% CPU)	1.17×	2.30×

macOS (macos-15, Apple Silicon)

Arm	Generator	RPS	÷YARP	÷nginx
nginx-reverse-http2	dotnet-httpclient	19,705 (82 MiB / 22.9% CPU)	0.62×	1.00×
yarp-reverse-http2	dotnet-httpclient	🥇 31,903 (140 MiB / 43.2% CPU)	1.00×	1.62×
twp-reverse-http2-cleartext	dotnet-httpclient	31,623 (118 MiB / 41.3% CPU)	0.99×	1.60×

Block C — H3→H1

Same layout as Block B. Requires QuicListener. nginx needs http_v3_module (Windows nginx has no QUIC). HAProxy needs USE_QUIC (GHA Linux/macOS require it). Envoy 1.20+ includes HTTP/3.

Re-measured @ f2061c27 after the per-stream HTTP/3 write scratch — Windows 37005020668, Linux 37005016067. Medals are still nginx / YARP / Titanium only. On the Linux run HAProxy was 22,785 (86 MiB / 27.1% CPU) and Envoy 3,669 (134 MiB / 24.3% CPU); HAProxy is still ahead of Titanium. The TLS-origin twin is not in this table (the 5×5 below stays @ 41f4adee); that re-measure is in Performance Profiling. macOS Apple Silicon: 37011523949.

Windows (windows-latest)

Arm	Generator	RPS	÷YARP	÷nginx
nginx-reverse-http3-cleartext	dotnet-httpclient	Not possible (no QUIC)	—	—
yarp-reverse-http3-cleartext	dotnet-httpclient	14,729 (141 MiB / 50.6% CPU)	1.00×	—
twp-reverse-http3-cleartext	dotnet-httpclient	🥇 15,068 (104 MiB / 45.2% CPU)	1.02×	—

Linux (ubuntu-latest)

Arm	Generator	RPS	÷YARP	÷nginx
nginx-reverse-http3-cleartext	dotnet-httpclient	0 (peak 15,485 · 106 MiB / 22.3% CPU)	0.84×	1.00×
yarp-reverse-http3-cleartext	dotnet-httpclient	18,511 (183 MiB / 49.5% CPU)	1.00×	1.20×
twp-reverse-http3-cleartext	dotnet-httpclient	🥇 20,833 (142 MiB / 49.8% CPU)	1.13×	1.35×

macOS (macos-15, Apple Silicon)

Arm	Generator	RPS	÷YARP	÷nginx
nginx-reverse-http3-cleartext	dotnet-httpclient	0 (peak 20,873 · 88 MiB / 19.0% CPU)	1.58×	1.00×
yarp-reverse-http3-cleartext	dotnet-httpclient	13,182 (215 MiB / 42.5% CPU)	1.00×	0.63×
twp-reverse-http3-cleartext	dotnet-httpclient	🥇 15,605 (126 MiB / 43.1% CPU)	1.18×	0.75×

Windows — Titanium vs nginx vs HAProxy vs Envoy vs YARP

Client / origin: HTTP version and whether TLS is used (plain = cleartext, TLS = encrypted, QUIC = HTTP/3).

Reverse

Median of 3 repeats on windows-latest (4 vCPU / 16 GiB). Bare reverse 5×5 @ 41f4adee — compare-product 36853254836. Warmup 2s / measure 8s; concurrency 8, 16, 32, 64. Prefer TWP÷peer ratios over absolute RPS. RPS cells include median RSS / CPU at the peak-RPS step as <br><sub>(MiB / CPU%)</sub>. nginx terminate peers use keepalive 256 + streaming buffers. HAProxy / Envoy are Linux-only peers (no official Windows port). Laptop High-perf / cool-paired numbers stay on the local lab. Product 5×5 is ~56-byte JSON keep-alive GET; H2/H3 same-protocol cells are mostly header work with a tiny body (Titanium best case) — see Why this comparison is fair.

Load generators: Reverse inbound H3 arms use dotnet-httpclient (http_version=3.0, RequestVersionExact). nginx/Windows is same-OS only (no QUIC). HAProxy/Envoy are Linux-only terminate peers.

Client	Origin	TWP	nginx	YARP
HTTP/1 · plain	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 25,880 (73 MiB / 47.6% CPU)	14,026 (125 MiB / 24.8% CPU)	21,496 (89 MiB / 49.4% CPU)
HTTP/1 · plain	HTTP/1 · TLS	🥇 21,172 (88 MiB / 52.1% CPU)	8,314 (135 MiB / 24.9% CPU)	19,155 (98 MiB / 50.8% CPU)
HTTP/1 · plain	HTTP/2 · plain	🥇 48,182 (110 MiB / 47.8% CPU)	Not possible (no H2 upstream)	42,621 (93 MiB / 49.2% CPU)
HTTP/1 · plain	HTTP/2 · TLS	🥇 32,909 (118 MiB / 45.1% CPU)	Not possible (no H2 upstream)	30,006 (96 MiB / 46.6% CPU)
HTTP/1 · plain	HTTP/3 · QUIC	🥇 18,481 (106 MiB / 50.6% CPU)	Not possible (no H3 upstream)	17,986 (120 MiB / 51.9% CPU)
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 28,020 (87 MiB / 48.7% CPU)	13,783 (142 MiB / 24.6% CPU)	24,447 (101 MiB / 48.5% CPU)
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/1 · TLS	🥇 19,084 (88 MiB / 48.2% CPU)	6,979 (143 MiB / 24.6% CPU)	17,016 (103 MiB / 46.6% CPU)
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/2 · plain	🥇 28,276 (111 MiB / 45.6% CPU)	Not possible (no H2 upstream)	26,212 (112 MiB / 46.9% CPU)
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/2 · TLS	🥇 33,428 (115 MiB / 43.8% CPU)	Not possible (no H2 upstream)	31,451 (108 MiB / 48% CPU)
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/3 · QUIC	🥇 16,002 (109 MiB / 50.8% CPU)	Not possible (no H3 upstream)	15,531 (126 MiB / 50.4% CPU)
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 36,594 (86 MiB / 51.9% CPU)	9,135 (127 MiB / 24.7% CPU)	32,083 (86 MiB / 53.7% CPU)
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/1 · TLS	🥇 38,670 (99 MiB / 49.9% CPU)	9,822 (137 MiB / 24.8% CPU)	33,958 (92 MiB / 49.4% CPU)
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/2 · plain	🥇 109,500 (59 MiB / 29.9% CPU)	Not possible (no H2 upstream)	65,061 (94 MiB / 48.2% CPU)
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/2 · TLS	🥇 86,785 (68 MiB / 28.5% CPU)	Not possible (no H2 upstream)	51,561 (101 MiB / 44.1% CPU)
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/3 · QUIC	🥇 34,582 (127 MiB / 53.5% CPU)	Not possible (no H3 upstream)	32,128 (127 MiB / 50.6% CPU)
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 35,805 (96 MiB / 51.7% CPU)	8,246 (141 MiB / 24.6% CPU)	29,300 (95 MiB / 53.7% CPU)
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/1 · TLS	🥇 30,622 (101 MiB / 52.4% CPU)	6,318 (145 MiB / 24.7% CPU)	25,261 (98 MiB / 52.6% CPU)
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · plain	🥇 95,497 (76 MiB / 28.9% CPU)	Not possible (no H2 upstream)	58,094 (103 MiB / 50.6% CPU)
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · TLS	🥇 83,912 (74 MiB / 29.6% CPU)	Not possible (no H2 upstream)	49,700 (98 MiB / 49% CPU)
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/3 · QUIC	🥇 30,854 (135 MiB / 53.3% CPU)	Not possible (no H3 upstream)	26,509 (123 MiB / 53.3% CPU)
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 20,480 (108 MiB / 43% CPU)	Not possible (no QUIC)	18,402 (146 MiB / 50.5% CPU)
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · TLS	🥇 13,870 (110 MiB / 45.2% CPU)	Not possible (no QUIC)	13,299 (146 MiB / 49.3% CPU)
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/2 · plain	🥇 34,720 (126 MiB / 47.6% CPU)	Not possible (no H2 upstream)	23,072 (151 MiB / 49.6% CPU)
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/2 · TLS	🥇 34,810 (137 MiB / 47% CPU)	Not possible (no H2 upstream)	21,949 (150 MiB / 47% CPU)
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/3 · QUIC	🥇 16,836 (121 MiB / 40.3% CPU)	Not possible (no H3 upstream)	12,462 (156 MiB / 47.8% CPU)

MITM (TWP only)

Same Client×Origin wires with interception on (compare-product 36853254836). Lite = no-op handlers (unchanged-lite finish). Full = append-only header mutation (harness: one probe header each way; product: generic append-only relay via MitmCompressedRelayHelper). nginx/HAProxy/Envoy/YARP cannot MITM. Lite÷Reverse / Full÷Reverse vs bare reverse (same job / comparison-group shard). Completion gate: Lite ≥ 0.40× and Full ≥ 0.40× reverse sustain @ c=64 (median of 3 GHA runs); reverse TWP÷YARP ≥ 0.60× (no terminate-peer gate).

v1 append-only relay (2026-08-27): Pre-fix H2→H2 Full÷Reverse was 0.13–0.16× (32960766249). Post-fix @ df172718: H2 plain→H2 plain Full 0.77–0.79×, H3→H1 Full 0.91–0.93×, all MITM arms ≥ 0.70× on median of 33041445371, 33055267086, 33055272140.

v2 drop-only + non-unique append (2026-08-27): MitmStaticRebuildHelper rebuilds static HPACK/QPACK after 1–4 unique header drops; trailing non-unique appends stay on compressed relay. @ 41f4adee: all MITM arms ≥ 0.70× on GHA median (33087088466, 33087091622, 33105885748 Linux; 33087085235, 33087088466, 33087091622 Windows). H2 plain→H2 plain Full 0.77–0.79× (Win) / 0.78× (Lin).

Client	Origin	Lite sustain	Full sustain	Lite÷Reverse	Full÷Reverse
HTTP/1 · plain	HTTP/1 · plain	25,573 (77 MiB / 48.5% CPU)	25,028 (78 MiB / 48.6% CPU)	0.99×	0.97×
HTTP/1 · plain	HTTP/1 · TLS	21,034 (90 MiB / 51.8% CPU)	20,798 (93 MiB / 51.2% CPU)	0.99×	0.98×
HTTP/1 · plain	HTTP/2 · plain	40,940 (102 MiB / 47.9% CPU)	46,410 (114 MiB / 50.1% CPU)	0.85×	0.96×
HTTP/1 · plain	HTTP/2 · TLS	32,079 (119 MiB / 47.2% CPU)	31,772 (121 MiB / 44.2% CPU)	0.97×	0.97×
HTTP/1 · plain	HTTP/3 · QUIC	18,244 (107 MiB / 52.9% CPU)	17,950 (107 MiB / 51.5% CPU)	0.99×	0.97×
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	28,020 (93 MiB / 50.2% CPU)	27,368 (88 MiB / 46.1% CPU)	1×	0.98×
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/1 · TLS	19,116 (91 MiB / 50.8% CPU)	18,790 (92 MiB / 46.7% CPU)	1×	0.98×
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/2 · plain	28,104 (117 MiB / 45.4% CPU)	27,256 (113 MiB / 46.4% CPU)	0.99×	0.96×
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/2 · TLS	33,145 (121 MiB / 46.7% CPU)	32,502 (118 MiB / 46.2% CPU)	0.99×	0.97×
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/3 · QUIC	15,961 (111 MiB / 49.4% CPU)	15,795 (116 MiB / 49.6% CPU)	1×	0.99×
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/1 · plain	35,159 (96 MiB / 55.4% CPU)	34,094 (96 MiB / 54.9% CPU)	0.96×	0.93×
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/1 · TLS	36,635 (105 MiB / 51.8% CPU)	36,515 (101 MiB / 49.4% CPU)	0.95×	0.94×
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/2 · plain	84,445 (71 MiB / 40.3% CPU)	80,594 (67 MiB / 41.7% CPU)	0.77×	0.74×
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/2 · TLS	71,243 (70 MiB / 37.3% CPU)	67,741 (75 MiB / 40% CPU)	0.82×	0.78×
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/3 · QUIC	34,577 (129 MiB / 53.4% CPU)	33,498 (136 MiB / 55.7% CPU)	1×	0.97×
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	33,615 (98 MiB / 53.5% CPU)	33,523 (98 MiB / 54.9% CPU)	0.94×	0.94×
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/1 · TLS	28,964 (102 MiB / 53.2% CPU)	28,825 (101 MiB / 55.5% CPU)	0.95×	0.94×
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · plain	85,236 (82 MiB / 39% CPU)	82,696 (87 MiB / 40.9% CPU)	0.89×	0.87×
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · TLS	68,466 (77 MiB / 38.5% CPU)	65,341 (80 MiB / 40.8% CPU)	0.82×	0.78×
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/3 · QUIC	30,486 (124 MiB / 52.6% CPU)	29,988 (137 MiB / 54.1% CPU)	0.99×	0.97×
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · plain	20,113 (119 MiB / 45.2% CPU)	19,554 (117 MiB / 44.1% CPU)	0.98×	0.95×
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · TLS	13,347 (120 MiB / 46.8% CPU)	12,596 (123 MiB / 45.8% CPU)	0.96×	0.91×
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/2 · plain	33,868 (129 MiB / 46.6% CPU)	32,694 (131 MiB / 46.4% CPU)	0.98×	0.94×
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/2 · TLS	33,817 (142 MiB / 47.2% CPU)	32,979 (138 MiB / 46.2% CPU)	0.97×	0.95×
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/3 · QUIC	16,282 (116 MiB / 48.1% CPU)	15,803 (118 MiB / 45.6% CPU)	0.97×	0.94×

Linux — Titanium vs nginx vs HAProxy vs Envoy vs YARP

Reverse

Median of 3 repeats on ubuntu-latest (4 vCPU / 16 GiB). Bare reverse 5×5 @ 41f4adee — compare-product 36853254836. Warmup 2s / measure 8s; concurrency 8, 16, 32, 64. Linux nginx is the authoritative nginx baseline. HAProxy (3.2 USE_QUIC) and Envoy (GitHub release, HTTP/3 compiled in) run on the same loopback shape as nginx/YARP. nginx terminate peers use keepalive 256 + streaming buffers. The RPS workflow installs nginx.org mainline (http_v3_module), a QUIC-enabled HAProxy, Envoy, and libmsquic. Prefer ratios over absolute RPS. Product 5×5 is ~56-byte JSON keep-alive GET; H2/H3 same-protocol cells are mostly header work with a tiny body (Titanium best case) — see Why this comparison is fair.

Client	Origin	TWP	nginx	HAProxy	Envoy	YARP
HTTP/1 · plain	HTTP/1 · plain	35,542 (85 MiB / 50% CPU)	🥇 44,228 (76 MiB / 40.2% CPU)	41,021 (66 MiB / 41.7% CPU)	25,019 (115 MiB / 58.7% CPU)	32,144 (117 MiB / 49.1% CPU)
HTTP/1 · plain	HTTP/1 · TLS	53,775 (106 MiB / 48.5% CPU)	🥇 63,560 (93 MiB / 41.2% CPU)	60,644 (70 MiB / 43% CPU)	47,353 (118 MiB / 52.7% CPU)	50,568 (131 MiB / 47.6% CPU)
HTTP/1 · plain	HTTP/2 · plain	🥇 42,126 (124 MiB / 50.1% CPU)	Not possible (no H2 upstream)	27,642 (66 MiB / 42.6% CPU)	21,554 (116 MiB / 64.2% CPU)	35,843 (123 MiB / 49.5% CPU)
HTTP/1 · plain	HTTP/2 · TLS	🥇 38,179 (142 MiB / 49.2% CPU)	Not possible (no H2 upstream)	34,950 (66 MiB / 43.2% CPU)	25,265 (117 MiB / 59.6% CPU)	35,038 (131 MiB / 47.5% CPU)
HTTP/1 · plain	HTTP/3 · QUIC	🥇 50,848 (164 MiB / 54.4% CPU)	Not possible (no H3 upstream)	Not possible (no H3 upstream)	29,583 (121 MiB / 48.8% CPU)	43,839 (170 MiB / 47% CPU)
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	24,280 (107 MiB / 49.9% CPU)	🥇 28,463 (99 MiB / 41.4% CPU)	27,842 (82 MiB / 43.4% CPU)	17,181 (127 MiB / 58.9% CPU)	20,677 (134 MiB / 51.2% CPU)
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/1 · TLS	24,232 (110 MiB / 48.3% CPU)	27,604 (104 MiB / 41.2% CPU)	🥇 27,745 (83 MiB / 42.8% CPU)	19,127 (127 MiB / 54.2% CPU)	21,175 (142 MiB / 49.3% CPU)
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/2 · plain	🥇 69,681 (151 MiB / 49.9% CPU)	Not possible (no H2 upstream)	47,137 (84 MiB / 42.8% CPU)	54,016 (126 MiB / 52.9% CPU)	62,753 (142 MiB / 48.7% CPU)
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/2 · TLS	🥇 25,328 (154 MiB / 47.6% CPU)	Not possible (no H2 upstream)	23,716 (83 MiB / 43.3% CPU)	17,369 (126 MiB / 58.4% CPU)	22,175 (140 MiB / 48.9% CPU)
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/3 · QUIC	🥇 21,737 (150 MiB / 53.2% CPU)	Not possible (no H3 upstream)	Not possible (no H3 upstream)	11,174 (130 MiB / 55.1% CPU)	19,611 (160 MiB / 49.6% CPU)
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 77,078 (120 MiB / 52.3% CPU)	29,472 (79 MiB / 18.5% CPU)	46,455 (67 MiB / 24.4% CPU)	33,118 (118 MiB / 22.9% CPU)	70,854 (112 MiB / 47.4% CPU)
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/1 · TLS	🥇 29,364 (125 MiB / 50.8% CPU)	13,245 (101 MiB / 19.5% CPU)	18,930 (71 MiB / 24.6% CPU)	13,147 (118 MiB / 23.5% CPU)	26,309 (128 MiB / 50.9% CPU)
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/2 · plain	🥇 95,132 (90 MiB / 38% CPU)	Not possible (no H2 upstream)	29,728 (66 MiB / 24.3% CPU)	24,027 (115 MiB / 21.6% CPU)	54,791 (132 MiB / 47% CPU)
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/2 · TLS	🥇 130,965 (88 MiB / 41.3% CPU)	Not possible (no H2 upstream)	42,285 (68 MiB / 24.5% CPU)	41,750 (118 MiB / 20.9% CPU)	88,980 (132 MiB / 45% CPU)
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/3 · QUIC	🥇 28,674 (144 MiB / 50.3% CPU)	Not possible (no H3 upstream)	Not possible (no H3 upstream)	4,339 (122 MiB / 25% CPU)	26,529 (162 MiB / 46.4% CPU)
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 39,560 (128 MiB / 51.7% CPU)	17,620 (100 MiB / 19% CPU)	24,964 (81 MiB / 24.3% CPU)	17,152 (129 MiB / 22.7% CPU)	33,979 (122 MiB / 48.6% CPU)
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/1 · TLS	🥇 59,236 (133 MiB / 49.1% CPU)	27,000 (112 MiB / 19.1% CPU)	38,045 (86 MiB / 24.6% CPU)	30,525 (128 MiB / 22.6% CPU)	54,530 (126 MiB / 46.9% CPU)
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · plain	🥇 73,087 (95 MiB / 35.9% CPU)	Not possible (no H2 upstream)	21,291 (82 MiB / 24.4% CPU)	17,672 (125 MiB / 22.1% CPU)	40,036 (127 MiB / 47.6% CPU)
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · TLS	🥇 61,583 (100 MiB / 35.4% CPU)	Not possible (no H2 upstream)	23,639 (83 MiB / 24.2% CPU)	19,934 (127 MiB / 20.6% CPU)	38,518 (127 MiB / 45.6% CPU)
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/3 · QUIC	🥇 54,162 (190 MiB / 52.7% CPU)	Not possible (no H3 upstream)	Not possible (no H3 upstream)	16,762 (129 MiB / 24.7% CPU)	47,112 (176 MiB / 44.5% CPU)
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · plain	21,551 (145 MiB / 50% CPU)	0 (peak 15,107 · 107 MiB / 22.6% CPU)	🥇 24,083 (86 MiB / 26.1% CPU)	3,989 (132 MiB / 24.5% CPU)	18,996 (186 MiB / 50.3% CPU)
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · TLS	19,461 (163 MiB / 48.5% CPU)	0 (peak 14,824 · 117 MiB / 22.7% CPU)	🥇 21,322 (90 MiB / 28.9% CPU)	4,755 (136 MiB / 24.3% CPU)	18,172 (199 MiB / 49.7% CPU)
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/2 · plain	🥇 60,482 (201 MiB / 55.6% CPU)	Not possible (no H2 upstream)	54,740 (88 MiB / 25.2% CPU)	20 (130 MiB / 0.1% CPU)	51,309 (226 MiB / 47.2% CPU)
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/2 · TLS	🥇 25,276 (155 MiB / 50.1% CPU)	Not possible (no H2 upstream)	21,371 (86 MiB / 26.5% CPU)	6 (129 MiB / 0.1% CPU)	21,601 (193 MiB / 48% CPU)
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/3 · QUIC	🥇 22,007 (157 MiB / 47.7% CPU)	Not possible (no H3 upstream)	Not possible (no H3 upstream)	2,856 (130 MiB / 24.9% CPU)	17,736 (207 MiB / 46.7% CPU)

MITM (TWP only)

Same Client×Origin wires with interception on (compare-product 36853254836). Lite = no-op handlers (unchanged-lite finish). Full = append-only header mutation (harness: one probe header each way; product: generic append-only relay via MitmCompressedRelayHelper). nginx/HAProxy/Envoy/YARP cannot MITM. Lite÷Reverse / Full÷Reverse vs bare reverse (same job / comparison-group shard). Completion gate: Lite ≥ 0.40× and Full ≥ 0.40× reverse sustain @ c=64 (median of 3 GHA runs); reverse TWP÷YARP ≥ 0.60× (no terminate-peer gate).

v1 append-only relay (2026-08-27): Pre-fix H2→H2 Full÷Reverse was 0.13–0.16× (32960766249). Post-fix @ df172718: H2 plain→H2 plain Full 0.77–0.79×, H3→H1 Full 0.91–0.93×, all MITM arms ≥ 0.70× on median of 33041445371, 33055267086, 33055272140.

v2 drop-only + non-unique append (2026-08-27): MitmStaticRebuildHelper rebuilds static HPACK/QPACK after 1–4 unique header drops; trailing non-unique appends stay on compressed relay. @ 41f4adee: all MITM arms ≥ 0.70× on GHA median (33087088466, 33087091622, 33105885748 Linux; 33087085235, 33087088466, 33087091622 Windows). H2 plain→H2 plain Full 0.77–0.79× (Win) / 0.78× (Lin).

Client	Origin	Lite sustain	Full sustain	Lite÷Reverse	Full÷Reverse
HTTP/1 · plain	HTTP/1 · plain	36,120 (91 MiB / 49.8% CPU)	35,316 (89 MiB / 48.6% CPU)	1.02×	0.99×
HTTP/1 · plain	HTTP/1 · TLS	54,813 (111 MiB / 48.3% CPU)	53,246 (110 MiB / 48.4% CPU)	1.02×	0.99×
HTTP/1 · plain	HTTP/2 · plain	40,743 (131 MiB / 53% CPU)	39,266 (127 MiB / 53.2% CPU)	0.97×	0.93×
HTTP/1 · plain	HTTP/2 · TLS	37,310 (144 MiB / 52.2% CPU)	36,668 (152 MiB / 50.5% CPU)	0.98×	0.96×
HTTP/1 · plain	HTTP/3 · QUIC	49,696 (166 MiB / 56% CPU)	49,175 (164 MiB / 55.2% CPU)	0.98×	0.97×
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	23,938 (113 MiB / 49.9% CPU)	23,457 (115 MiB / 50% CPU)	0.99×	0.97×
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/1 · TLS	24,270 (112 MiB / 48.4% CPU)	24,135 (112 MiB / 48% CPU)	1×	1×
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/2 · plain	67,032 (166 MiB / 50.1% CPU)	65,781 (158 MiB / 51% CPU)	0.96×	0.94×
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/2 · TLS	23,602 (163 MiB / 49.4% CPU)	23,843 (170 MiB / 48.6% CPU)	0.93×	0.94×
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/3 · QUIC	21,552 (151 MiB / 53% CPU)	20,790 (156 MiB / 53.9% CPU)	0.99×	0.96×
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/1 · plain	76,412 (124 MiB / 52.9% CPU)	73,763 (120 MiB / 53% CPU)	0.99×	0.96×
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/1 · TLS	28,157 (124 MiB / 52% CPU)	27,650 (129 MiB / 52.1% CPU)	0.96×	0.94×
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/2 · plain	71,938 (94 MiB / 43.2% CPU)	66,304 (95 MiB / 42.9% CPU)	0.76×	0.7×
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/2 · TLS	111,003 (103 MiB / 44.1% CPU)	108,771 (106 MiB / 41.6% CPU)	0.85×	0.83×
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/3 · QUIC	28,202 (145 MiB / 50.3% CPU)	27,788 (144 MiB / 50.5% CPU)	0.98×	0.97×
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	37,310 (124 MiB / 52.7% CPU)	37,209 (127 MiB / 52.4% CPU)	0.94×	0.94×
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/1 · TLS	57,688 (133 MiB / 49.9% CPU)	55,972 (134 MiB / 49.4% CPU)	0.97×	0.94×
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · plain	56,665 (102 MiB / 39.9% CPU)	53,179 (111 MiB / 40.9% CPU)	0.78×	0.73×
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · TLS	51,615 (111 MiB / 40.1% CPU)	48,871 (113 MiB / 39.6% CPU)	0.84×	0.79×
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/3 · QUIC	52,800 (185 MiB / 51.8% CPU)	51,956 (189 MiB / 52.1% CPU)	0.97×	0.96×
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · plain	20,377 (143 MiB / 50.5% CPU)	20,027 (140 MiB / 50.4% CPU)	0.95×	0.93×
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · TLS	18,610 (168 MiB / 48.9% CPU)	18,240 (168 MiB / 48.8% CPU)	0.96×	0.94×
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/2 · plain	58,870 (200 MiB / 57.1% CPU)	59,642 (195 MiB / 56.5% CPU)	0.97×	0.99×
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/2 · TLS	25,006 (155 MiB / 50.1% CPU)	24,294 (158 MiB / 50.2% CPU)	0.99×	0.96×
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/3 · QUIC	21,690 (163 MiB / 50.4% CPU)	20,322 (161 MiB / 50.5% CPU)	0.99×	0.92×

macOS — Titanium vs nginx vs HAProxy vs Envoy vs YARP

Reverse

Median of 3 repeats on macos-15 (Apple Silicon M1, 3-core / 7 GB). Bare reverse 5×5 @ 41f4adee — compare-product 36982444617. Warmup 2s / measure 8s; concurrency 8, 16, 32, 64. Prefer TWP÷peer ratios over absolute RPS. RPS cells include median RSS / CPU at the peak-RPS step as <br><sub>(MiB / CPU%)</sub>. The RPS workflow installs Homebrew nginx (http_v3_module), Homebrew HAProxy with USE_QUIC (3.2 source fallback), Envoy (Homebrew bottle or pinned darwin-arm64 1.36.7), Homebrew libmsquic (+ DYLD_*), and YARP. Use the pinned macos-15 label, not macos-latest. Product 5×5 is ~56-byte JSON keep-alive GET; H2/H3 same-protocol cells are mostly header work with a tiny body (Titanium best case) — see Why this comparison is fair.

Client	Origin	TWP	nginx	HAProxy	Envoy	YARP
HTTP/1 · plain	HTTP/1 · plain	27,016 (112 MiB / 37.6% CPU)	30,305 (68 MiB / 21.1% CPU)	🥇 37,730 (82 MiB / 28.5% CPU)	25,845 (111 MiB / 46.9% CPU)	27,245 (148 MiB / 35.8% CPU)
HTTP/1 · plain	HTTP/1 · TLS	17,198 (132 MiB / 37.6% CPU)	17,074 (80 MiB / 21% CPU)	🥇 31,358 (88 MiB / 32.3% CPU)	23,774 (113 MiB / 45.6% CPU)	19,704 (159 MiB / 35.1% CPU)
HTTP/1 · plain	HTTP/2 · plain	32,773 (127 MiB / 29.2% CPU)	Not possible (no H2 upstream)	20,883 (84 MiB / 27.6% CPU)	21,625 (111 MiB / 31.8% CPU)	🥇 41,904 (163 MiB / 38.8% CPU)
HTTP/1 · plain	HTTP/2 · TLS	33,673 (168 MiB / 37.2% CPU)	Not possible (no H2 upstream)	38,027 (85 MiB / 35.8% CPU)	25,071 (112 MiB / 45.3% CPU)	🥇 38,644 (162 MiB / 38.6% CPU)
HTTP/1 · plain	HTTP/3 · QUIC	10,473 (133 MiB / 42.8% CPU)	Not possible (no H3 upstream)	Not possible (no H3 upstream)	22,465 (116 MiB / 46.9% CPU)	🥇 33,872 (175 MiB / 42.6% CPU)
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	13,136 (124 MiB / 32% CPU)	🥇 19,550 (84 MiB / 22.3% CPU)	10,364 (101 MiB / 14.3% CPU)	5,884 (122 MiB / 22.7% CPU)	14,207 (157 MiB / 32.7% CPU)
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/1 · TLS	16,562 (152 MiB / 36.9% CPU)	15,789 (89 MiB / 22.6% CPU)	🥇 24,029 (103 MiB / 32.1% CPU)	11,615 (123 MiB / 38.3% CPU)	15,260 (166 MiB / 37.4% CPU)
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/2 · plain	12,874 (156 MiB / 29.4% CPU)	Not possible (no H2 upstream)	17,595 (101 MiB / 28.5% CPU)	17,894 (121 MiB / 42% CPU)	🥇 25,472 (187 MiB / 26% CPU)
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/2 · TLS	7,448 (209 MiB / 17.2% CPU)	Not possible (no H2 upstream)	🥇 20,146 (101 MiB / 30.3% CPU)	14,340 (121 MiB / 39.7% CPU)	4,544 (190 MiB / 9.9% CPU)
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/3 · QUIC	16,589 (156 MiB / 44.3% CPU)	Not possible (no H3 upstream)	Not possible (no H3 upstream)	15,066 (125 MiB / 42.2% CPU)	🥇 20,502 (173 MiB / 39.9% CPU)
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 45,158 (126 MiB / 40% CPU)	29,051 (69 MiB / 23.5% CPU)	29,130 (87 MiB / 23.7% CPU)	15,366 (111 MiB / 29.5% CPU)	35,765 (147 MiB / 39.4% CPU)
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/1 · TLS	30,201 (140 MiB / 42.2% CPU)	18,471 (81 MiB / 23% CPU)	28,685 (92 MiB / 27.6% CPU)	13,578 (113 MiB / 27.4% CPU)	🥇 33,191 (159 MiB / 43.4% CPU)
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/2 · plain	🥇 98,980 (116 MiB / 30% CPU)	Not possible (no H2 upstream)	34,877 (87 MiB / 27.6% CPU)	23,568 (109 MiB / 25.8% CPU)	58,570 (151 MiB / 42.5% CPU)
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/2 · TLS	🥇 107,876 (125 MiB / 32.2% CPU)	Not possible (no H2 upstream)	33,056 (89 MiB / 26.7% CPU)	22,703 (111 MiB / 26.9% CPU)	83,722 (157 MiB / 42.3% CPU)
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/3 · QUIC	14,700 (143 MiB / 35.1% CPU)	Not possible (no H3 upstream)	Not possible (no H3 upstream)	10,618 (114 MiB / 30% CPU)	🥇 22,834 (163 MiB / 43.6% CPU)
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	35,882 (131 MiB / 41.1% CPU)	23,621 (81 MiB / 22.6% CPU)	34,868 (101 MiB / 25.3% CPU)	20,382 (121 MiB / 30.2% CPU)	🥇 39,986 (153 MiB / 42.5% CPU)
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/1 · TLS	22,919 (137 MiB / 42.2% CPU)	🥇 23,815 (88 MiB / 22% CPU)	23,102 (104 MiB / 27.6% CPU)	12,429 (122 MiB / 27.6% CPU)	18,991 (162 MiB / 37.8% CPU)
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · plain	🥇 68,025 (131 MiB / 28.6% CPU)	Not possible (no H2 upstream)	25,181 (101 MiB / 27.5% CPU)	19,086 (119 MiB / 24.2% CPU)	39,591 (161 MiB / 35.7% CPU)
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · TLS	🥇 94,817 (136 MiB / 32.7% CPU)	Not possible (no H2 upstream)	47,241 (102 MiB / 29% CPU)	31,349 (119 MiB / 26% CPU)	68,743 (157 MiB / 44.1% CPU)
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/3 · QUIC	20,008 (160 MiB / 47.8% CPU)	Not possible (no H3 upstream)	Not possible (no H3 upstream)	10,706 (123 MiB / 30.9% CPU)	🥇 29,346 (168 MiB / 42.5% CPU)
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · plain	12,512 (138 MiB / 42.8% CPU)	0 (peak 18,612 · 88 MiB / 18.9% CPU)	🥇 30,575 (101 MiB / 29.4% CPU)	5,838 (129 MiB / 37.9% CPU)	18,511 (213 MiB / 45% CPU)
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · TLS	13,728 (152 MiB / 39.5% CPU)	0 (peak 18,482 · 93 MiB / 20.6% CPU)	🥇 22,531 (104 MiB / 31.5% CPU)	5,728 (130 MiB / 31% CPU)	12,918 (274 MiB / 45.7% CPU)
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/2 · plain	20,661 (147 MiB / 47.8% CPU)	Not possible (no H2 upstream)	🥇 43,121 (101 MiB / 31% CPU)	12,596 (125 MiB / 39% CPU)	28,622 (219 MiB / 45.1% CPU)
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/2 · TLS	20,776 (147 MiB / 49.2% CPU)	Not possible (no H2 upstream)	🥇 23,721 (102 MiB / 28.4% CPU)	7,012 (125 MiB / 37.3% CPU)	23,520 (222 MiB / 45.4% CPU)
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/3 · QUIC	17,192 (144 MiB / 45.3% CPU)	Not possible (no H3 upstream)	Not possible (no H3 upstream)	5,502 (125 MiB / 33.7% CPU)	🥇 19,828 (232 MiB / 44% CPU)

MITM (TWP only)

Same Client×Origin wires with interception on (compare-product 36982444617). Lite = no-op handlers (unchanged-lite finish). Full = append-only header mutation (harness: one probe header each way; product: generic append-only relay via MitmCompressedRelayHelper). nginx/HAProxy/Envoy/YARP cannot MITM. Lite÷Reverse / Full÷Reverse vs bare reverse (same job / comparison-group shard). Completion gate: Lite ≥ 0.40× and Full ≥ 0.40× reverse sustain @ c=64 (median of 3 GHA runs); reverse TWP÷YARP ≥ 0.60× (no terminate-peer gate).

v1 append-only relay (2026-08-27): Pre-fix H2→H2 Full÷Reverse was 0.13–0.16× (32960766249). Post-fix @ df172718: H2 plain→H2 plain Full 0.77–0.79×, H3→H1 Full 0.91–0.93×, all MITM arms ≥ 0.70× on median of 33041445371, 33055267086, 33055272140.

v2 drop-only + non-unique append (2026-08-27): MitmStaticRebuildHelper rebuilds static HPACK/QPACK after 1–4 unique header drops; trailing non-unique appends stay on compressed relay. @ 41f4adee: all MITM arms ≥ 0.70× on GHA median (33087088466, 33087091622, 33105885748 Linux; 33087085235, 33087088466, 33087091622 Windows). H2 plain→H2 plain Full 0.77–0.79× (Win) / 0.78× (Lin).

Client	Origin	Lite sustain	Full sustain	Lite÷Reverse	Full÷Reverse
HTTP/1 · plain	HTTP/1 · plain	35,746 (112 MiB / 36.5% CPU)	24,534 (117 MiB / 34.6% CPU)	1.32×	0.91×
HTTP/1 · plain	HTTP/1 · TLS	15,942 (131 MiB / 32.8% CPU)	20,982 (129 MiB / 32.4% CPU)	0.93×	1.22×
HTTP/1 · plain	HTTP/2 · plain	34,723 (144 MiB / 36.3% CPU)	45,571 (148 MiB / 42% CPU)	1.06×	1.39×
HTTP/1 · plain	HTTP/2 · TLS	30,884 (166 MiB / 38.8% CPU)	30,650 (159 MiB / 37.9% CPU)	0.92×	0.91×
HTTP/1 · plain	HTTP/3 · QUIC	22,609 (143 MiB / 46.4% CPU)	18,784 (150 MiB / 45.1% CPU)	2.16×	1.79×
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	15,544 (124 MiB / 32.4% CPU)	16,418 (126 MiB / 31.7% CPU)	1.18×	1.25×
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/1 · TLS	12,869 (154 MiB / 31% CPU)	17,295 (151 MiB / 35.2% CPU)	0.78×	1.04×
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/2 · plain	21,932 (138 MiB / 41.4% CPU)	24,957 (146 MiB / 38.8% CPU)	1.7×	1.94×
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/2 · TLS	22,604 (204 MiB / 38.1% CPU)	17,668 (190 MiB / 35.4% CPU)	3.03×	2.37×
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/3 · QUIC	16,816 (157 MiB / 45.6% CPU)	12,059 (157 MiB / 41.3% CPU)	1.01×	0.73×
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/1 · plain	36,969 (129 MiB / 41.5% CPU)	32,390 (126 MiB / 41.6% CPU)	0.82×	0.72×
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/1 · TLS	20,368 (143 MiB / 42.5% CPU)	26,284 (140 MiB / 43.6% CPU)	0.67×	0.87×
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/2 · plain	78,223 (118 MiB / 37.4% CPU)	73,211 (118 MiB / 35.7% CPU)	0.79×	0.74×
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/2 · TLS	98,122 (121 MiB / 37.3% CPU)	81,877 (125 MiB / 37% CPU)	0.91×	0.76×
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/3 · QUIC	17,556 (142 MiB / 48.1% CPU)	18,565 (143 MiB / 50.8% CPU)	1.19×	1.26×
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	34,535 (133 MiB / 40.3% CPU)	33,251 (135 MiB / 41.6% CPU)	0.96×	0.93×
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/1 · TLS	27,152 (138 MiB / 44% CPU)	37,855 (140 MiB / 45.4% CPU)	1.18×	1.65×
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · plain	66,090 (128 MiB / 35.8% CPU)	60,172 (130 MiB / 34.3% CPU)	0.97×	0.88×
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · TLS	70,582 (132 MiB / 37.8% CPU)	75,340 (132 MiB / 35.7% CPU)	0.74×	0.79×
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/3 · QUIC	17,434 (160 MiB / 49.2% CPU)	17,244 (157 MiB / 49% CPU)	0.87×	0.86×
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · plain	14,529 (139 MiB / 45.5% CPU)	12,468 (138 MiB / 42.3% CPU)	1.16×	1×
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · TLS	13,631 (143 MiB / 45.8% CPU)	11,639 (148 MiB / 45.7% CPU)	0.99×	0.85×
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/2 · plain	31,499 (149 MiB / 48.5% CPU)	20,464 (146 MiB / 49% CPU)	1.52×	0.99×
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/2 · TLS	18,549 (148 MiB / 48.6% CPU)	17,494 (146 MiB / 45.2% CPU)	0.89×	0.84×
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/3 · QUIC	9,942 (143 MiB / 45.6% CPU)	12,760 (140 MiB / 45.5% CPU)	0.58×	0.74×

Editions (CLI / Plus / Intercept)

Note: twp-reverse-http1 and other library rows use Core with probe-tuned settings (no logging, no Via header, probe-warmed certs). Edition rows use titanium run -c twp.yaml product defaults — prefer the ÷baseline ratio column over absolute RPS. Inspector GUI is not spawnable in the harness; session-path overhead is twp-cli-intercept-http1 (route RequestHeaderSet transform). Pre-origin Plus middleware (CIDR/WAF/JWT/rate-limit) runs on H1 terminate-lite without SessionEventArgs; JWT caches successful bearer validations. Maintainer gate thresholds live under Maintainer notes.

Median of 3 repeats @ 41f4adee. Source: Actions 36853305087. Warmup 2s / measure 8s; concurrency 8–64; sustain = median peak RPS among SLO-pass steps @ c=64. RPS cells show sustain; <sub> holds peak (when higher) plus (MiB / CPU%).

Arm	Win	Linux	Win÷	Lin÷	Gate
twp-cli-reverse-http1 vs library	66,323 (131 MiB / 45.5% CPU)	34,106 (166 MiB / 50.4% CPU)	1.03×	1.08×	≥ 0.80×
twp-cli-reverse-http1-tls vs library TLS	56,976 (145 MiB / 45.7% CPU)	24,583 (197 MiB / 50.3% CPU)	1.00×	1.04×	≥ 0.80×
twp-cli-reverse-http1-route vs CLI	66,646 (135 MiB / 47.6% CPU)	33,126 (169 MiB / 50.1% CPU)	1.00×	0.97×	≥ 0.90×
twp-cli-plus-base-http1 vs CLI	66,656 (137 MiB / 47.2% CPU)	34,197 (170 MiB / 50.5% CPU)	1.01×	1.00×	≥ 0.90×
twp-cli-plus-cache-http1 (cold) vs CLI	58,304 (140 MiB / 50.0% CPU)	28,354 (175 MiB / 54.0% CPU)	0.88×	0.83×	≥ 0.70×
twp-cli-intercept-http1 vs CLI	53,188 (138 MiB / 49.4% CPU)	24,664 (176 MiB / 52.9% CPU)	0.80×	0.72×	≥ 0.70×
twp-cli-plus-waf-http1 vs CLI	63,745 (134 MiB / 45.3% CPU)	32,738 (170 MiB / 51.2% CPU)	0.96×	0.96×	≥ 0.80×
twp-cli-plus-cidr-http1 vs CLI	64,199 (133 MiB / 47.6% CPU)	32,903 (170 MiB / 51.0% CPU)	0.97×	0.96×	≥ 0.80×
twp-cli-plus-jwt-http1 vs CLI	61,258 (149 MiB / 45.8% CPU)	30,232 (190 MiB / 50.7% CPU)	0.92×	0.89×	≥ 0.70×
twp-cli-plus-ratelimit-http1 vs CLI	63,961 (141 MiB / 47.0% CPU)	32,384 (170 MiB / 51.2% CPU)	0.96×	0.95×	≥ 0.80×
twp-cli-plus-resilience-http1 vs CLI	65,742 (144 MiB / 48.0% CPU)	33,765 (174 MiB / 50.6% CPU)	0.99×	0.99×	≥ 0.85×
twp-cli-plus-discovery-file-http1 vs CLI	65,441 (139 MiB / 47.0% CPU)	34,153 (172 MiB / 50.6% CPU)	0.99×	1.00×	≥ 0.80×
twp-cli-plus-metrics-scrape-http1 vs CLI	65,919 (140 MiB / 46.8% CPU)	33,848 (175 MiB / 50.3% CPU)	0.99×	0.99×	≥ 0.80×
twp-cli-plus-cache-hit-http1 vs cache cold	58,870 (147 MiB / 48.7% CPU)	28,214 (174 MiB / 53.4% CPU)	1.01×	1.00×	≥ 0.90×
twp-cli-static-http1 vs CLI	114,525 (130 MiB / 49.1% CPU)	54,684 (162 MiB / 50.2% CPU)	1.73×	1.60×	≥ 0.85×
twp-cli-logging-http1 vs CLI	67,217 (139 MiB / 45.5% CPU)	33,844 (163 MiB / 50.8% CPU)	1.01×	0.99×	≥ 0.90×
twp-cli-lb-leasttime-http1 vs route	63,630 (144 MiB / 50.9% CPU)	31,242 (191 MiB / 52.4% CPU)	0.95×	0.94×	≥ 0.85×
twp-cli-dialect-twp-http1 vs CLI	66,493 (134 MiB / 46.4% CPU)	33,965 (158 MiB / 50.3% CPU)	1.00×	1.00×	≥ 0.90×

validate-edition-gates.ps1 passed on both OS for this run. Library baselines @ c=64 (same job): Win H1 64191 / TLS 56711; Linux H1 31717 / TLS 23716. Laptop smoke ratios stay on Performance Local Lab — Editions.

Cross-version (7.0 vs 6.0)

Same reverse matrix measured on Titanium 7.0 versus committed 6.0 baselines (33087088466). Median of 3 @ be4d4e89. Source: Windows 36995934758, Linux 36995938517. Sustain RPS @ c=64. Absolute 7.0÷6.0 is 0.92–1.38× (Windows H3 is the high end). Peer-normalized TWP÷YARP is 0.94–1.17×.

Arm	Win 6.0	Win 7.0	Win÷	Linux 6.0	Linux 7.0	Lin÷
twp-reverse-http1	32525	29929	0.92×	32755	31847	0.97×
twp-reverse-http1-tls	26461	25778	0.97×	22784	23663	1.04×
twp-reverse-http2	76038	87371	1.15×	47690	53242	1.12×
twp-reverse-http2-cleartext	40347	39304	0.97×	34556	34483	1.00×
twp-reverse-http3	17529	24213	1.38×	19468	20398	1.05×
twp-reverse-http3-cleartext	19956	19143	0.96×	20395	20825	1.02×
yarp-reverse-http1 (peer)	27504	26807	0.97×	27713	28228	1.02×
yarp-reverse-http2 (peer)	35553	34854	0.98×	29111	28944	0.99×

Both OS CSVs passed the cross-version check for this run. MITM arms are measured with the product reverse matrix, not this reverse-only comparison.

Heavier reverse workloads

Same runners and harness as the tiny-GET tables, but with larger bodies, POST, lossy links, TLS cost, and architecture-sensitive paths (slow consumer / early response / duplex). PUT with the same body is the same proxy work as POST; DELETE with no body matches GET — only POST is published. Bodies/POST/lossy stay half-duplex. Laptop numbers are on Performance Local Lab. How maintainers refresh these tables (modes, shards, paste scripts) is under Maintainer notes. Larger-body check: 64 / 256 KiB H2 TLS→H2 TLS is where body copy dominates headers — ratios vs YARP are in the tables below (@ 41f4adee), unlike the tiny-GET H2↔H2 medals above.

Lossy link = userspace delay/drop shim (not kernel netem): TCP gets per-buffer delay + occasional whole-connection stalls (honest head-of-line for multiplexed HTTP/2); UDP is loss% only (no per-datagram delay) + drops (QUIC / MsQuic-safe). Lossy tables publish HTTP/1, HTTP/2, and HTTP/3.

Windows — heavier reverse GET (64 KiB / 256 KiB)

Median of 3 repeats on windows-latest @ 41f4adee. Source: Actions 36853268072 (compare-bodies). Warmup 2s / measure 8s. RPS cells include (MiB / CPU%) footprints.

Not possible: HAProxy and Envoy columns are omitted (no official Windows port).

Body	Client	Origin	TWP	nginx	YARP
64 KiB	HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 9,134 (97 MiB / 44.1% CPU)	620 (141 MiB / 24.7% CPU)	6,985 (134 MiB / 41.5% CPU)
64 KiB	HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 11,535 (174 MiB / 46.7% CPU)	814 (141 MiB / 24.8% CPU)	9,117 (134 MiB / 49.1% CPU)
64 KiB	HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 3,937 (138 MiB / 37.4% CPU)	Not possible (no QUIC)	3,576 (196 MiB / 48.7% CPU)
256 KiB	HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 2,569 (123 MiB / 43.3% CPU)	167 (142 MiB / 24.8% CPU)	2,154 (129 MiB / 45.6% CPU)
256 KiB	HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 3,307 (152 MiB / 39.9% CPU)	197 (142 MiB / 24.7% CPU)	2,344 (134 MiB / 42.8% CPU)
256 KiB	HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · plain	1,076 (109 MiB / 39.1% CPU)	Not possible (no QUIC)	🥇 1,086 (165 MiB / 45.0% CPU)
64 KiB	HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 13,884 (175 MiB / 39.7% CPU)	3,252 (127 MiB / 24.8% CPU)	13,150 (111 MiB / 44.4% CPU)
64 KiB	HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · plain	🥇 9,634 (114 MiB / 38.6% CPU)	Not possible	6,556 (138 MiB / 49.3% CPU)
64 KiB	HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · TLS	🥇 10,247 (120 MiB / 38.7% CPU)	Not possible	7,632 (131 MiB / 48.6% CPU)
64 KiB	HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/2 · TLS	🥇 3,899 (124 MiB / 39.4% CPU)	Not possible	3,497 (187 MiB / 46.7% CPU)
64 KiB	HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · TLS	🥇 5,698 (143 MiB / 42.4% CPU)	Not possible (no QUIC)	4,442 (202 MiB / 48.0% CPU)
256 KiB	HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 4,390 (145 MiB / 30.5% CPU)	978 (127 MiB / 24.5% CPU)	3,435 (123 MiB / 35.5% CPU)
256 KiB	HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · plain	🥇 2,521 (142 MiB / 36.1% CPU)	Not possible	1,810 (167 MiB / 46.0% CPU)
256 KiB	HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · TLS	🥇 2,262 (139 MiB / 36.4% CPU)	Not possible	1,776 (148 MiB / 42.8% CPU)
256 KiB	HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/2 · TLS	880 (149 MiB / 42.4% CPU)	Not possible	🥇 995 (198 MiB / 43.8% CPU)
256 KiB	HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · TLS	🥇 1,389 (151 MiB / 39.5% CPU)	Not possible (no QUIC)	1,205 (203 MiB / 46.2% CPU)

nginx/Windows collapses on large reverse bodies in this harness; treat as same-OS only. H1 TLS 64 KiB ≈ 1.13× YARP; 256 KiB ≈ 1.08×. H2→H1 64 KiB ≈ 1.17×; H3→H1 64 KiB ≈ 1.06×.

Linux — heavier reverse GET (64 KiB / 256 KiB)

Median of 3 repeats @ 41f4adee. Source: Actions 36853268072 (compare-bodies). Warmup 2s / measure 8s.

Body	Client	Origin	TWP	nginx	HAProxy	Envoy	YARP
64 KiB	HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	8,426 (123 MiB / 44.4% CPU)	5,076 (100 MiB / 49.4% CPU)	🥇 8,950 (84 MiB / 40.0% CPU)	7,261 (131 MiB / 46.1% CPU)	6,410 (163 MiB / 48.9% CPU)
64 KiB	HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 13,272 (242 MiB / 39.0% CPU)	3,473 (102 MiB / 14.4% CPU)	11,621 (86 MiB / 24.2% CPU)	10,632 (141 MiB / 23.7% CPU)	11,543 (155 MiB / 44.1% CPU)
64 KiB	HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 5,644 (184 MiB / 44.8% CPU)	1,651 (peak 1,696 · 105 MiB / 22.4% CPU)	4,139 (89 MiB / 27.6% CPU)	0 (138 MiB / 0.2% CPU)	4,274 (225 MiB / 51.4% CPU)
256 KiB	HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	2,724 (126 MiB / 36.8% CPU)	1,731 (100 MiB / 53.5% CPU)	🥇 2,959 (83 MiB / 33.5% CPU)	2,697 (145 MiB / 33.9% CPU)	2,139 (168 MiB / 45.5% CPU)
256 KiB	HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	2,976 (223 MiB / 28.9% CPU)	1,038 (102 MiB / 14.1% CPU)	🥇 3,705 (83 MiB / 18.9% CPU)	3,680 (162 MiB / 19.6% CPU)	3,086 (159 MiB / 37.0% CPU)
256 KiB	HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 1,464 (157 MiB / 43.0% CPU)	448 (109 MiB / 23.9% CPU)	1,285 (89 MiB / 31.2% CPU)	805 (154 MiB / 20.2% CPU)	1,263 (217 MiB / 47.9% CPU)
64 KiB	HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 19,850 (244 MiB / 41.2% CPU)	4,660 (80 MiB / 14.4% CPU)	14,246 (69 MiB / 24.2% CPU)	16,092 (130 MiB / 23.6% CPU)	16,776 (139 MiB / 40.5% CPU)
64 KiB	HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · plain	🥇 5,497 (158 MiB / 34.4% CPU)	Not possible	2,086 (89 MiB / 24.6% CPU)	4,607 (144 MiB / 22.0% CPU)	4,582 (182 MiB / 46.7% CPU)
64 KiB	HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · TLS	🥇 9,858 (184 MiB / 38.2% CPU)	Not possible	4,172 (82 MiB / 24.6% CPU)	7,131 (146 MiB / 22.6% CPU)	8,403 (186 MiB / 43.4% CPU)
64 KiB	HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/2 · TLS	🥇 3,737 (171 MiB / 45.1% CPU)	Not possible	2,193 (92 MiB / 35.0% CPU)	12 (146 MiB / 0.2% CPU)	3,051 (237 MiB / 48.6% CPU)
64 KiB	HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · TLS	🥇 8,245 (219 MiB / 41.4% CPU)	2,792 (109 MiB / 23.1% CPU)	7,599 (97 MiB / 34.2% CPU)	0 (141 MiB / 0.1% CPU)	7,119 (247 MiB / 48.1% CPU)
256 KiB	HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/1 · plain	4,671 (221 MiB / 30.6% CPU)	1,537 (80 MiB / 15.7% CPU)	4,782 (70 MiB / 18.6% CPU)	🥇 4,868 (157 MiB / 20.2% CPU)	4,754 (156 MiB / 31.8% CPU)
256 KiB	HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · plain	🥇 1,766 (176 MiB / 32.2% CPU)	Not possible	590 (91 MiB / 24.4% CPU)	1,578 (171 MiB / 21.5% CPU)	1,296 (191 MiB / 42.6% CPU)
256 KiB	HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · TLS	🥇 2,642 (169 MiB / 32.6% CPU)	Not possible	1,184 (88 MiB / 24.3% CPU)	1,995 (162 MiB / 22.5% CPU)	2,328 (185 MiB / 38.8% CPU)
256 KiB	HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/2 · TLS	832 (188 MiB / 51.0% CPU)	Not possible	629 (94 MiB / 36.7% CPU)	651 (159 MiB / 22.3% CPU)	🥇 906 (225 MiB / 46.3% CPU)
256 KiB	HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · TLS	🥇 2,299 (192 MiB / 40.3% CPU)	719 (123 MiB / 23.7% CPU)	1,886 (96 MiB / 29.9% CPU)	1,235 (143 MiB / 20.2% CPU)	1,924 (238 MiB / 44.8% CPU)

On this GHA pass TWP÷YARP H1 TLS ≈ 1.21× (64 KiB) / 1.26× (256 KiB); H2→H1 ≈ 1.20× / 1.15×; H3→H1 ≈ 1.29× / 1.16×. TWP÷nginx H1 TLS ≈ 1.43 / 1.85. Absolute RPS swings by VM; prefer ratios.

macOS — heavier reverse GET (64 KiB / 256 KiB)

Median of 3 repeats on macos-15 (Apple Silicon M1, 3-core / 7 GB) @ 41f4adee. Source: Actions 36998170689 (compare-bodies). Warmup 2s / measure 8s.

Body	Client	Origin	TWP	nginx	HAProxy	Envoy	YARP
64 KiB	HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	4,965 (181 MiB / 33.9% CPU)	6,239 (84 MiB / 25.0% CPU)	6,811 (101 MiB / 34.8% CPU)	🥇 6,927 (132 MiB / 29.8% CPU)	5,833 (183 MiB / 40.2% CPU)
64 KiB	HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	3,190 (432 MiB / 25.3% CPU)	5,651 (85 MiB / 24.4% CPU)	4,656 (103 MiB / 20.4% CPU)	3,817 (145 MiB / 18.1% CPU)	🥇 5,858 (169 MiB / 44.3% CPU)
64 KiB	HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 2,322 (281 MiB / 33.9% CPU)	0 (peak 2,645 · 106 MiB / 28.5% CPU)	2,009 (103 MiB / 29.8% CPU)	1,329 (138 MiB / 31.6% CPU)	2,001 (423 MiB / 32.9% CPU)
256 KiB	HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 2,900 (203 MiB / 30.8% CPU)	2,230 (85 MiB / 23.9% CPU)	2,706 (101 MiB / 30.5% CPU)	1,812 (154 MiB / 25.4% CPU)	1,823 (185 MiB / 35.0% CPU)
256 KiB	HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	1,620 (400 MiB / 35.5% CPU)	1,930 (85 MiB / 23.7% CPU)	🥇 2,510 (101 MiB / 23.9% CPU)	2,147 (155 MiB / 25.9% CPU)	1,477 (181 MiB / 43.1% CPU)
256 KiB	HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · plain	592 (174 MiB / 30.8% CPU)	🥇 782 (peak 957 · 82 MiB / 28.2% CPU)	484 (100 MiB / 31.8% CPU)	277 (160 MiB / 35.6% CPU)	290 (469 MiB / 31.8% CPU)
64 KiB	HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/1 · plain	4,044 (443 MiB / 15.8% CPU)	9,200 (73 MiB / 23.0% CPU)	10,775 (89 MiB / 23.9% CPU)	🥇 13,514 (135 MiB / 27.6% CPU)	11,451 (181 MiB / 37.0% CPU)
64 KiB	HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · plain	6,719 (304 MiB / 32.0% CPU)	Not possible	3,562 (104 MiB / 24.1% CPU)	6,814 (131 MiB / 27.9% CPU)	🥇 7,703 (244 MiB / 43.3% CPU)
64 KiB	HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · TLS	5,719 (209 MiB / 33.7% CPU)	Not possible	3,312 (101 MiB / 24.9% CPU)	🥇 5,834 (131 MiB / 28.5% CPU)	4,946 (236 MiB / 42.3% CPU)
64 KiB	HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/2 · TLS	🥇 1,893 (238 MiB / 32.0% CPU)	Not possible	1,328 (103 MiB / 31.9% CPU)	700 (129 MiB / 39.1% CPU)	1,795 (432 MiB / 33.8% CPU)
64 KiB	HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · TLS	🥇 2,180 (247 MiB / 42.0% CPU)	0 (peak 1,559 · 112 MiB / 24.6% CPU)	1,788 (104 MiB / 34.2% CPU)	1,286 (139 MiB / 39.2% CPU)	1,291 (389 MiB / 40.4% CPU)
256 KiB	HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/1 · plain	3,184 (370 MiB / 29.6% CPU)	3,310 (73 MiB / 19.6% CPU)	🥇 3,514 (87 MiB / 21.9% CPU)	3,199 (146 MiB / 24.7% CPU)	2,653 (192 MiB / 34.1% CPU)
256 KiB	HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · plain	🥇 2,076 (705 MiB / 30.5% CPU)	Not possible	1,050 (112 MiB / 23.1% CPU)	2,021 (155 MiB / 27.1% CPU)	1,535 (330 MiB / 39.0% CPU)
256 KiB	HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · TLS	🥇 1,313 (449 MiB / 32.4% CPU)	Not possible	807 (102 MiB / 24.3% CPU)	1,311 (155 MiB / 26.9% CPU)	1,017 (304 MiB / 38.5% CPU)
256 KiB	HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/2 · TLS	112 (peak 168 · 279 MiB / 25.3% CPU)	Not possible	310 (peak 370 · 103 MiB / 30.3% CPU)	164 (126 MiB / 36.6% CPU)	🥇 495 (484 MiB / 40.4% CPU)
256 KiB	HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · TLS	🥇 630 (218 MiB / 39.4% CPU)	575 (105 MiB / 28.2% CPU)	506 (104 MiB / 33.6% CPU)	249 (125 MiB / 31.5% CPU)	504 (423 MiB / 43.1% CPU)

Windows — POST 64 KiB request + 64 KiB response

Median of 3 repeats on windows-latest @ 41f4adee. Source: Actions 36853276459 (compare-post).

Not possible: HAProxy and Envoy columns are omitted (no official Windows port).

Client	Origin	TWP	nginx	YARP
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 6,621 (96 MiB / 44.6% CPU)	382 (144 MiB / 24.7% CPU)	4,412 (137 MiB / 56.9% CPU)
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 4,572 (178 MiB / 48.4% CPU)	375 (144 MiB / 24.8% CPU)	3,938 (135 MiB / 51.0% CPU)
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 2,239 (175 MiB / 40.5% CPU)	Not possible (no QUIC)	2,223 (218 MiB / 49.3% CPU)
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 6,806 (178 MiB / 46.5% CPU)	1,946 (130 MiB / 24.8% CPU)	6,321 (124 MiB / 51.1% CPU)
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · plain	🥇 5,685 (123 MiB / 38.1% CPU)	Not possible	3,894 (143 MiB / 48.9% CPU)
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · TLS	🥇 4,157 (123 MiB / 38.9% CPU)	Not possible	3,060 (142 MiB / 47.3% CPU)
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/2 · TLS	🥇 2,301 (164 MiB / 43.3% CPU)	Not possible	2,018 (206 MiB / 48.5% CPU)
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · TLS	🥇 2,104 (183 MiB / 41.8% CPU)	Not possible (no QUIC)	2,002 (215 MiB / 49.3% CPU)

TWP leads H1 POST (1.5x YARP on Windows and Linux), H2→H1 POST (1.1-1.3x YARP), and H3 POST (~1.0-1.1x YARP). H2 TLS→H2 TLS POST sustain is healthy on this pass (@ 41f4adee; TWP ~1.2-1.4x YARP).

Linux — POST 64 KiB request + 64 KiB response

Median of 3 repeats @ 41f4adee. Source: Actions 36853276459 (compare-post).

Client	Origin	TWP	nginx	HAProxy	Envoy	YARP
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	4,742 (134 MiB / 45.2% CPU)	3,498 (100 MiB / 48.2% CPU)	🥇 5,044 (83 MiB / 41.4% CPU)	4,956 (132 MiB / 42.0% CPU)	3,176 (176 MiB / 55.5% CPU)
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 3,056 (217 MiB / 47.3% CPU)	1,354 (112 MiB / 21.0% CPU)	1,818 (82 MiB / 23.9% CPU)	0 (peak 2,979 · 143 MiB / 23.9% CPU)	2,533 (168 MiB / 48.1% CPU)
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 2,878 (220 MiB / 44.2% CPU)	463 (109 MiB / 24.9% CPU)	1,991 (90 MiB / 33.1% CPU)	0 (126 MiB / 0.1% CPU)	2,593 (243 MiB / 49.2% CPU)
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 5,628 (228 MiB / 44.0% CPU)	2,396 (96 MiB / 24.1% CPU)	2,567 (68 MiB / 23.2% CPU)	4,030 (peak 4,604 · 118 MiB / 21.6% CPU)	4,340 (160 MiB / 47.3% CPU)
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · plain	🥇 3,268 (159 MiB / 41.6% CPU)	Not possible	1,340 (86 MiB / 24.0% CPU)	2,854 (142 MiB / 23.5% CPU)	2,389 (179 MiB / 46.1% CPU)
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · TLS	🥇 2,330 (148 MiB / 40.5% CPU)	Not possible	1,010 (80 MiB / 23.1% CPU)	2,062 (146 MiB / 22.9% CPU)	1,903 (170 MiB / 46.3% CPU)
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/2 · TLS	🥇 2,132 (222 MiB / 43.9% CPU)	Not possible	1,136 (96 MiB / 31.5% CPU)	0 (126 MiB / 0.1% CPU)	1,800 (250 MiB / 47.3% CPU)
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · TLS	🥇 2,139 (232 MiB / 44.8% CPU)	368 (120 MiB / 25.0% CPU)	1,669 (96 MiB / 36.1% CPU)	0 (125 MiB / 0.1% CPU)	1,973 (255 MiB / 48.6% CPU)

Linux nginx H1/H2/H3 POST completed (nginx.org mainline). TWP÷YARP H1 ≈ 1.5×; H2→H1 ≈ 1.2×; H3 ≈ 1.1×. TWP÷nginx H3 ≈ 6×.

macOS — POST 64 KiB request + 64 KiB response

Median of 3 repeats on macos-15 (Apple Silicon M1, 3-core / 7 GB) @ 41f4adee. Source: Actions 37006733365 (compare-post).

Client	Origin	TWP	nginx	HAProxy	Envoy	YARP
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	2,944 (246 MiB / 28.8% CPU)	🥇 3,446 (89 MiB / 22.7% CPU)	3,383 (102 MiB / 32.7% CPU)	3,264 (132 MiB / 30.9% CPU)	1,832 (195 MiB / 35.5% CPU)
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	2,377 (419 MiB / 36.4% CPU)	🥇 2,705 (97 MiB / 21.8% CPU)	2,257 (101 MiB / 24.2% CPU)	0 (peak 2,840 · 146 MiB / 27.0% CPU)	2,266 (182 MiB / 41.1% CPU)
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 918 (371 MiB / 31.7% CPU)	0 (peak 1,042 · 86 MiB / 26.5% CPU)	862 (101 MiB / 32.1% CPU)	311 (122 MiB / 38.2% CPU)	735 (447 MiB / 29.2% CPU)
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/1 · plain	4,651 (388 MiB / 31.7% CPU)	🥇 4,975 (85 MiB / 21.3% CPU)	3,694 (86 MiB / 23.4% CPU)	0 (peak 4,705 · 135 MiB / 25.7% CPU)	3,661 (189 MiB / 41.0% CPU)
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · plain	3,798 (317 MiB / 30.6% CPU)	Not possible	2,251 (102 MiB / 24.1% CPU)	🥇 4,595 (134 MiB / 26.9% CPU)	3,220 (203 MiB / 45.5% CPU)
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · TLS	2,110 (245 MiB / 33.3% CPU)	Not possible	1,592 (103 MiB / 25.1% CPU)	🥇 2,156 (133 MiB / 26.5% CPU)	1,876 (209 MiB / 40.6% CPU)
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/2 · TLS	🥇 1,233 (263 MiB / 39.1% CPU)	Not possible	647 (103 MiB / 32.6% CPU)	429 (peak 477 · 129 MiB / 39.7% CPU)	925 (400 MiB / 41.4% CPU)
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · TLS	🥇 1,035 (278 MiB / 39.5% CPU)	313 (peak 779 · 83 MiB / 12.8% CPU)	663 (99 MiB / 31.0% CPU)	309 (peak 409 · 130 MiB / 32.1% CPU)	828 (435 MiB / 37.6% CPU)

Windows — lossy / high-RTT (H2 HOL / H3 loss)

Userspace 5 ms one-way delay + 1% TCP connection stall (H1/H2); UDP is loss% only (no per-datagram delay; MsQuic-safe) + 1% datagram drop (H3); 64 KiB GET. Median of 3 repeats on windows-latest @ 41f4adee — 36853280515 (compare-lossy).

Not possible: HAProxy and Envoy columns are omitted (no official Windows port).

Client	Origin	TWP	nginx	YARP
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 663 (88 MiB / 3.9% CPU)	650 (142 MiB / 17.5% CPU)	662 (118 MiB / 5.0% CPU)
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 59 (peak 85 · 112 MiB / 1.6% CPU)	18 (142 MiB / 0.6% CPU)	18 (86 MiB / 0.9% CPU)
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 1,123 (124 MiB / 16.9% CPU)	Not possible (no QUIC)	969 (188 MiB / 22.0% CPU)
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 61 (peak 87 · 106 MiB / 1.6% CPU)	18 (127 MiB / 0.1% CPU)	17 (78 MiB / 0.9% CPU)
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · plain	16 (79 MiB / 0.9% CPU)	Not possible	🥇 18 (85 MiB / 1.4% CPU)
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · TLS	16 (78 MiB / 0.7% CPU)	Not possible	🥇 18 (84 MiB / 1.4% CPU)
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/2 · TLS	1,042 (121 MiB / 16.1% CPU)	Not possible	🥇 1,244 (192 MiB / 29.5% CPU)
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · TLS	998 (132 MiB / 16.4% CPU)	Not possible (no QUIC)	🥇 1,217 (185 MiB / 30.3% CPU)

H1 is near parity with YARP. H2 HOL and H3 loss sustain are non-zero on this Windows GHA pass (@ 41f4adee); see table.

Linux — lossy / high-RTT (H2 HOL / H3 loss)

Median of 3 repeats @ 41f4adee. Source: 36853280515 (compare-lossy; lossy H3 uses quic-http3, UDP drop-only).

Client	Origin	TWP	nginx	HAProxy	Envoy	YARP
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	1,214 (120 MiB / 10.1% CPU)	🥇 1,220 (102 MiB / 8.0% CPU)	1,219 (83 MiB / 4.8% CPU)	1,205 (128 MiB / 6.4% CPU)	1,209 (148 MiB / 12.9% CPU)
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 315 (177 MiB / 5.2% CPU)	40 (101 MiB / 0.2% CPU)	40 (84 MiB / 0.2% CPU)	40 (137 MiB / 0.3% CPU)	40 (127 MiB / 1.1% CPU)
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · plain	1,516 (165 MiB / 21.2% CPU)	🥇 1,570 (117 MiB / 23.2% CPU)	1,338 (87 MiB / 18.7% CPU)	1,462 (138 MiB / 24.5% CPU)	1,510 (228 MiB / 30.5% CPU)
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 329 (185 MiB / 5.3% CPU)	40 (78 MiB / 0.2% CPU)	41 (69 MiB / 0.1% CPU)	40 (127 MiB / 0.3% CPU)	40 (123 MiB / 0.9% CPU)
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · plain	40 (111 MiB / 0.7% CPU)	Not possible	40 (85 MiB / 0.3% CPU)	40 (135 MiB / 0.3% CPU)	🥇 41 (130 MiB / 1.3% CPU)
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · TLS	40 (108 MiB / 0.9% CPU)	Not possible	🥇 42 (87 MiB / 0.3% CPU)	40 (137 MiB / 0.3% CPU)	41 (130 MiB / 1.2% CPU)
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/2 · TLS	🥇 1,477 (163 MiB / 23.1% CPU)	Not possible	1,212 (93 MiB / 21.4% CPU)	1,379 (140 MiB / 25.8% CPU)	1,417 (235 MiB / 31.4% CPU)
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · TLS	1,351 (169 MiB / 21.9% CPU)	🥇 1,452 (120 MiB / 23.7% CPU)	1,289 (92 MiB / 20.8% CPU)	1,404 (138 MiB / 25.9% CPU)	1,384 (213 MiB / 30.8% CPU)

TWP H2 HOL ≫ YARP (~7.8×). H3 TWP÷YARP ≈ 1.07×.

macOS — lossy / high-RTT (H2 HOL / H3 loss)

Median of 3 repeats on macos-15 (Apple Silicon M1, 3-core / 7 GB) @ 41f4adee. Source: 37007354328 (compare-lossy; lossy H3 uses quic-http3, UDP drop-only).

Client	Origin	TWP	nginx	HAProxy	Envoy	YARP
HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	502 (261 MiB / 7.8% CPU)	🥇 533 (86 MiB / 3.5% CPU)	497 (101 MiB / 2.7% CPU)	450 (131 MiB / 3.2% CPU)	431 (208 MiB / 5.5% CPU)
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 24 (peak 45 · 140 MiB / 3.6% CPU)	12 (81 MiB / 0.2% CPU)	10 (96 MiB / 0.2% CPU)	8 (118 MiB / 0.3% CPU)	11 (130 MiB / 3.3% CPU)
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · plain	1,103 (279 MiB / 25.6% CPU)	🥇 1,532 (98 MiB / 15.9% CPU)	673 (101 MiB / 21.7% CPU)	1,023 (131 MiB / 29.9% CPU)	557 (429 MiB / 21.6% CPU)
HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 19 (peak 46 · 119 MiB / 2.4% CPU)	12 (69 MiB / 0.1% CPU)	12 (83 MiB / 0.2% CPU)	10 (108 MiB / 0.3% CPU)	12 (117 MiB / 2.5% CPU)
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · plain	🥇 12 (114 MiB / 2.2% CPU)	Not possible	11 (97 MiB / 0.3% CPU)	8 (118 MiB / 0.3% CPU)	11 (128 MiB / 3.2% CPU)
HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · TLS	10 (125 MiB / 2.3% CPU)	Not possible	10 (peak 12 · 98 MiB / 0.4% CPU)	8 (118 MiB / 0.3% CPU)	🥇 11 (131 MiB / 3.6% CPU)
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/2 · TLS	906 (194 MiB / 24.3% CPU)	Not possible	840 (105 MiB / 22.4% CPU)	🥇 1,154 (131 MiB / 31.1% CPU)	1,016 (444 MiB / 31.0% CPU)
HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · TLS	1,346 (195 MiB / 27.6% CPU)	🥇 1,437 (101 MiB / 18.0% CPU)	872 (106 MiB / 22.9% CPU)	946 (131 MiB / 35.0% CPU)	878 (389 MiB / 31.5% CPU)

Architecture-sensitive

These runs isolate slow app readers, origin-early response, HTTP/2 duplex, and WebSocket echo. See TWP vs YARP IO model. Laptop 1-rep numbers are on Performance Local Lab.

Median of 3 repeats on matched 4 vCPU / 16 GiB runners @ 41f4adee (36853288521). Slow consumer = 256 KiB GET, 16 KiB read + 8 ms sleep. Early response = 64 KiB POST, origin writes after 8 KiB. Duplex HTTP/2 = overlapping 64 KiB POST on H2 TLS↔H2 TLS. WebSocket row = H1 Upgrade echo round-trips/sec (not RFC 8441; see WebSocket RFC 8441 table below).

Lossy-link runs (slow network) are already published above; they are not a slow app reader.

Windows

Not possible: HAProxy and Envoy columns are omitted (no official Windows port).

Scenario	Client	Origin	TWP	nginx	YARP
Slow consumer (256 KiB GET, throttled client read)	HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 248 (91 MiB / 5.3% CPU)	220 (144 MiB / 24.7% CPU)	241 (111 MiB / 5.3% CPU)
Slow consumer (256 KiB GET, throttled client read)	HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	256 (118 MiB / 3.6% CPU)	230 (141 MiB / 24.4% CPU)	🥇 256 (114 MiB / 5.3% CPU)
Slow consumer (256 KiB GET, throttled client read)	HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 282 (104 MiB / 12.3% CPU)	Not possible (no QUIC)	276 (173 MiB / 14.6% CPU)
Early response (origin writes after first request chunk)	HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 13,378 (98 MiB / 42.5% CPU)	723 (142 MiB / 24.9% CPU)	7,476 (137 MiB / 50.0% CPU)
Early response (origin writes after first request chunk)	HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 3,367 (202 MiB / 52.7% CPU)	350 (143 MiB / 24.7% CPU)	2,711 (136 MiB / 49.8% CPU)
Early response (origin writes after first request chunk)	HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 2,777 (153 MiB / 42.6% CPU)	Not possible (no QUIC)	2,477 (213 MiB / 52.8% CPU)
Slow consumer (256 KiB GET, throttled client read)	HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/1 · plain	248 (108 MiB / 3.2% CPU)	250 (127 MiB / 9.2% CPU)	🥇 256 (105 MiB / 4.1% CPU)
Slow consumer (256 KiB GET, throttled client read)	HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · TLS	🥇 256 (123 MiB / 3.5% CPU)	Not possible	256 (142 MiB / 6.1% CPU)
Early response (origin writes after first request chunk)	HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · TLS	🥇 3,606 (118 MiB / 30.4% CPU)	Not possible	21 (103 MiB / 0.3% CPU)
Duplex (both directions live)	HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · TLS	🥇 3,531 (119 MiB / 29.9% CPU)	Not possible	15 (109 MiB / 0.3% CPU)
Duplex (WebSocket / H1 Upgrade)	HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 69,940 (98 MiB / 44.0% CPU)	38,586 (143 MiB / 24.6% CPU)	65,385 (90 MiB / 45.1% CPU)

Linux

Scenario	Client	Origin	TWP	nginx	HAProxy	Envoy	YARP
Slow consumer (256 KiB GET, throttled client read)	HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	463 (119 MiB / 9.7% CPU)	404 (100 MiB / 9.7% CPU)	466 (84 MiB / 5.9% CPU)	🥇 472 (136 MiB / 6.4% CPU)	417 (146 MiB / 14.6% CPU)
Slow consumer (256 KiB GET, throttled client read)	HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 474 (137 MiB / 19.9% CPU)	468 (100 MiB / 23.1% CPU)	473 (84 MiB / 9.3% CPU)	468 (154 MiB / 7.5% CPU)	466 (144 MiB / 23.9% CPU)
Slow consumer (256 KiB GET, throttled client read)	HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 473 (130 MiB / 34.8% CPU)	120 (peak 342 · 94 MiB / 5.8% CPU)	472 (88 MiB / 10.5% CPU)	1 (144 MiB / 0.2% CPU)	472 (195 MiB / 37.8% CPU)
Early response (origin writes after first request chunk)	HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	5,001 (140 MiB / 45.5% CPU)	0 (peak 3,541 · 102 MiB / 34.1% CPU)	🥇 5,150 (83 MiB / 41.6% CPU)	0 (peak 2,904 · 129 MiB / 25.5% CPU)	3,344 (177 MiB / 55.4% CPU)
Early response (origin writes after first request chunk)	HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 2,430 (218 MiB / 48.5% CPU)	0 (peak 1,345 · 112 MiB / 24.1% CPU)	1,363 (84 MiB / 12.8% CPU)	0 (peak 2,354 · 153 MiB / 21.4% CPU)	2,167 (168 MiB / 48.6% CPU)
Early response (origin writes after first request chunk)	HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 2,939 (193 MiB / 45.7% CPU)	0 (peak 442 · 116 MiB / 24.8% CPU)	1,956 (91 MiB / 34.3% CPU)	0 (126 MiB / 0.1% CPU)	2,141 (253 MiB / 48.4% CPU)
Slow consumer (256 KiB GET, throttled client read)	HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/1 · plain	478 (142 MiB / 16.7% CPU)	463 (79 MiB / 11.7% CPU)	🥇 480 (68 MiB / 6.7% CPU)	474 (146 MiB / 4.7% CPU)	468 (147 MiB / 15.5% CPU)
Slow consumer (256 KiB GET, throttled client read)	HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · TLS	452 (144 MiB / 21.1% CPU)	Not possible	461 (88 MiB / 19.4% CPU)	460 (152 MiB / 12.4% CPU)	🥇 470 (162 MiB / 29.9% CPU)
Early response (origin writes after first request chunk)	HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · TLS	🥇 1,936 (peak 2,226 · 141 MiB / 35.4% CPU)	Not possible	1,147 (84 MiB / 23.2% CPU)	0 (peak 2,192 · 151 MiB / 21.8% CPU)	50 (145 MiB / 1.4% CPU)
Duplex (both directions live)	HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · TLS	🥇 1,934 (141 MiB / 35.7% CPU)	Not possible	256 (86 MiB / 4.8% CPU)	0 (peak 2,083 · 156 MiB / 21.4% CPU)	6 (150 MiB / 0.4% CPU)
Duplex (WebSocket / H1 Upgrade)	HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	34,436 (124 MiB / 44.9% CPU)	37,247 (100 MiB / 36.4% CPU)	🥇 37,608 (83 MiB / 39.8% CPU)	36,405 (127 MiB / 41.2% CPU)	31,719 (125 MiB / 44.9% CPU)

macOS

Median of 3 repeats on macos-15 (Apple Silicon M1, 3-core / 7 GB) @ 41f4adee. Source: Actions 37000022693 (compare-arch).

Scenario	Client	Origin	TWP	nginx	HAProxy	Envoy	YARP
Slow consumer (256 KiB GET, throttled client read)	HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	113 (266 MiB / 3.5% CPU)	🥇 116 (85 MiB / 2.1% CPU)	112 (101 MiB / 2.2% CPU)	104 (145 MiB / 2.8% CPU)	111 (222 MiB / 4.0% CPU)
Slow consumer (256 KiB GET, throttled client read)	HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	103 (311 MiB / 5.5% CPU)	95 (84 MiB / 1.3% CPU)	🥇 120 (100 MiB / 1.9% CPU)	88 (155 MiB / 2.0% CPU)	112 (215 MiB / 5.5% CPU)
Slow consumer (256 KiB GET, throttled client read)	HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 155 (135 MiB / 18.8% CPU)	116 (94 MiB / 6.6% CPU)	113 (102 MiB / 10.0% CPU)	154 (159 MiB / 33.9% CPU)	144 (366 MiB / 20.1% CPU)
Early response (origin writes after first request chunk)	HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	3,869 (228 MiB / 33.6% CPU)	0 (peak 4,499 · 89 MiB / 25.2% CPU)	🥇 5,508 (102 MiB / 35.3% CPU)	4,603 (130 MiB / 36.9% CPU)	3,471 (195 MiB / 45.9% CPU)
Early response (origin writes after first request chunk)	HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	1,324 (443 MiB / 27.6% CPU)	0 (peak 3,690 · 98 MiB / 22.5% CPU)	🥇 3,214 (103 MiB / 25.1% CPU)	0 (peak 2,363 · 147 MiB / 25.7% CPU)	2,337 (179 MiB / 42.3% CPU)
Early response (origin writes after first request chunk)	HTTP/3 · QUIC	HTTP/1 · plain	🥇 1,181 (277 MiB / 39.3% CPU)	0 (peak 1,423 · 112 MiB / 26.5% CPU)	0 (66 MiB)	390 (133 MiB / 34.0% CPU)	978 (450 MiB / 38.5% CPU)
Slow consumer (256 KiB GET, throttled client read)	HTTP/2 · plain	HTTP/1 · plain	112 (185 MiB / 5.6% CPU)	104 (72 MiB / 1.1% CPU)	🥇 112 (86 MiB / 1.9% CPU)	89 (145 MiB / 1.7% CPU)	96 (145 MiB / 2.8% CPU)
Slow consumer (256 KiB GET, throttled client read)	HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · TLS	128 (306 MiB / 5.9% CPU)	Not possible	🥇 139 (105 MiB / 5.8% CPU)	104 (144 MiB / 3.8% CPU)	122 (286 MiB / 4.5% CPU)
Early response (origin writes after first request chunk)	HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · TLS	🥇 1,925 (183 MiB / 27.5% CPU)	Not possible	0 (98 MiB)	0 (peak 2,622 · 146 MiB / 25.5% CPU)	125 (181 MiB / 1.3% CPU)
Duplex (both directions live)	HTTP/2 · TLS	HTTP/2 · TLS	🥇 1,922 (peak 2,353 · 179 MiB / 29.7% CPU)	Not possible	1,517 (98 MiB / 22.9% CPU)	0 (peak 1,960 · 119 MiB / 14.0% CPU)	5 (173 MiB / 0.1% CPU)
Duplex (WebSocket / H1 Upgrade)	HTTP/1 · TLS	HTTP/1 · plain	31,243 (163 MiB / 32.6% CPU)	25,995 (87 MiB / 18.8% CPU)	32,045 (100 MiB / 28.2% CPU)	🥇 38,061 (122 MiB / 33.2% CPU)	31,518 (188 MiB / 33.7% CPU)

Slow consumer is sleep-bound; H1/H2/H3 sit in the same band. Early-response H1: TWP leads (~1.79x / 1.50x YARP Win/Linux). Duplex H2 sustain is non-zero for TWP on this GHA pass (@ 41f4adee). WebSocket: TWP is ~1.07x YARP on Windows; on Linux HAProxy and nginx lead and TWP is ~1.09x YARP.

TLS termination cost (H1 TLS → cleartext origin)

Isolates keep-alive tiny GET vs new connection per request (handshake-dominated) vs keep-alive 256 KiB. Product comparison uses RPS and end-to-end latency; TWP can also capture ClientTlsTiming when TWP_RPS_CAPTURE_TLS=1 (child process) — nginx/YARP have no equivalent hook.

Windows

Median of 3 repeats on windows-latest @ 41f4adee. Source: Actions 36853284423. Absolute RPS on GHA swings hard; prefer TWP÷YARP.

Not possible: HAProxy and Envoy columns are omitted (no official Windows port).

Workload	TWP	nginx	YARP
Keep-alive · tiny GET	🥇 20,894 (84 MiB / 48.0% CPU)	8,845 (142 MiB / 24.6% CPU)	17,746 (101 MiB / 47.9% CPU)
New-connection · tiny GET	🥇 724 (80 MiB / 1.5% CPU)	248 (141 MiB / 1.4% CPU)	717 (112 MiB / 0.5% CPU)
Keep-alive · 256 KiB GET	🥇 2,843 (117 MiB / 47.5% CPU)	170 (142 MiB / 24.6% CPU)	2,663 (129 MiB / 47.1% CPU)

Linux

Median of 3 repeats @ 41f4adee. Source: Actions 36853284423.

Workload	TWP	nginx	HAProxy	Envoy	YARP
Keep-alive · tiny GET	25,285 (107 MiB / 50.0% CPU)	🥇 29,752 (99 MiB / 42.2% CPU)	29,386 (84 MiB / 43.6% CPU)	18,088 (127 MiB / 58.7% CPU)	21,832 (134 MiB / 51.1% CPU)
New-connection · tiny GET	1,028 (117 MiB)	1,080 (101 MiB / 0.7% CPU)	1,014 (82 MiB / 0.2% CPU)	🥇 1,155 (128 MiB)	1,030 (147 MiB)
Keep-alive · 256 KiB GET	2,886 (126 MiB / 37.0% CPU)	1,817 (99 MiB / 53.2% CPU)	🥇 3,135 (83 MiB / 33.6% CPU)	2,879 (145 MiB / 33.9% CPU)	2,252 (174 MiB / 45.2% CPU)

macOS

Median of 3 repeats on macos-15 @ 41f4adee. Source: Actions 37008082576.

Workload	TWP	nginx	HAProxy	Envoy	YARP
Keep-alive · tiny GET	15,772 (130 MiB / 23.8% CPU)	🥇 24,097 (84 MiB / 20.7% CPU)	20,381 (101 MiB / 21.1% CPU)	14,436 (121 MiB / 31.3% CPU)	4,022 (179 MiB / 8.1% CPU)
New-connection · tiny GET	106 (106 MiB / 0.1% CPU)	597 (86 MiB)	🥇 680 (101 MiB)	625 (131 MiB / 0.1% CPU)	108 (154 MiB / 0.2% CPU)
Keep-alive · 256 KiB GET	2,259 (213 MiB / 24.0% CPU)	2,003 (84 MiB / 19.1% CPU)	🥇 2,619 (101 MiB / 29.3% CPU)	2,341 (155 MiB / 25.2% CPU)	1,664 (165 MiB / 34.8% CPU)

On Windows, TWP leads YARP on keep-alive tiny (1.18×) and keep-alive 256 KiB (1.07×); new-connection is a tie (1.01×). On Linux, nginx leads keep-alive tiny (near-tie with HAProxy), Envoy leads new-connection, and HAProxy leads keep-alive 256 KiB; TWP stays ahead of YARP on keep-alive (1.16× tiny, ~1.28× 256 KiB) and ties on new-connection. On macOS, nginx leads keep-alive tiny, and HAProxy leads new-connection and keep-alive 256 KiB; TWP is ~3.9× YARP on keep-alive tiny and ~1.36× on 256 KiB. New-connection is Darwin SslStream-bound for TWP and YARP (handshake p99 SLO 500 ms on macOS only — Win/Linux stay at 200 ms).

Unary gRPC (H2 TLS)

Unary Echo RPC/s @ c=64 over H2 TLS→H2 TLS for Titanium, YARP, nginx (grpc_pass), HAProxy, and Envoy (OS-possible peers only). Not folded into the architecture-sensitive tables. Median of 3 repeats @ 41f4adee — 36853254836.

OS	Titanium	YARP	nginx	HAProxy	Envoy
Windows	🥇 52,009 (96 MiB / 22.7% CPU)	31,057 (126 MiB / 45.5% CPU)	0 (143 MiB / 24.9% CPU)	Not possible	Not possible
Linux	🥇 41,339 (117 MiB / 30.4% CPU)	24,277 (158 MiB / 41.9% CPU)	0 (114 MiB / 24.8% CPU)	8,952 (83 MiB / 24.4% CPU)	14,753 (127 MiB / 20.7% CPU)
macOS	28,466 (152 MiB / 11.5% CPU)	🥇 29,087 (189 MiB / 21.3% CPU)	0 (85 MiB / 2.4% CPU)	18,511 (104 MiB / 19.6% CPU)	16,457 (120 MiB / 16.1% CPU)

Unary gRPC (H2 TLS → h2c)

Unary Echo RPC/s @ c=64 over H2 TLS → h2c (edge TLS, cleartext H2 origin). Peers: Titanium, YARP, HAProxy, Envoy. Mode: compare-grpc (*-grpc-h2c). Median of 3 repeats @ 41f4adee — 36853254836.

Not possible: nginx column omitted (no H2 upstream).

OS	Titanium	YARP	HAProxy	Envoy
Windows	🥇 61,643 (90 MiB / 23.5% CPU)	36,011 (116 MiB / 48.1% CPU)	Not possible	Not possible
Linux	🥇 43,166 (121 MiB / 29.6% CPU)	24,252 (161 MiB / 43.4% CPU)	7,782 (83 MiB / 24.5% CPU)	12,044 (127 MiB / 22.2% CPU)
macOS	🥇 22,187 (158 MiB / 9.5% CPU)	6,717 (193 MiB / 16.0% CPU)	7,750 (100 MiB / 13.9% CPU)	16,573 (119 MiB / 19.7% CPU)

WebSocket (H1 TLS → H1 TLS)

WebSocket echo round-trips/sec over dual-TLS H1 (proxy_ssl style). Mode: compare-ws-h1tls (*-duplex-ws-h1tls).

OS	Titanium	YARP	nginx	HAProxy	Envoy
Windows	🥇 22,332 (101 MiB / 47.4% CPU)	21,366 (93 MiB / 43.1% CPU)	9,361 (142 MiB / 24.6% CPU)	Not possible	Not possible
Linux	25,321 (141 MiB / 43.7% CPU)	22,634 (134 MiB / 44.1% CPU)	26,985 (103 MiB / 37.3% CPU)	26,853 (83 MiB / 39.7% CPU)	🥇 28,050 (127 MiB / 37.9% CPU)
macOS	13,710 (168 MiB / 18.8% CPU)	6,452 (148 MiB / 14.1% CPU)	9,309 (86 MiB / 16.6% CPU)	🥇 14,432 (100 MiB / 20.5% CPU)	11,461 (119 MiB / 20.6% CPU)

WebSocket (H2 TLS 8441 → H1)

WebSocket echo over RFC 8441 extended CONNECT (H2 TLS client → H1 plain origin). Mode: compare-ws-h2 (*-duplex-ws-h2).

The probe client sets NoDelay and writes each HTTP/2 frame as one TLS record. The previous Linux row (~1.5k at ~9% CPU, tied with HAProxy) was that client with Nagle on and the frame split across two TLS records, which waited out the ~40 ms delayed ACK. Median of 3 repeats @ f2061c27. Source: Linux 37004979850, Windows 37004984433, macOS 37004988043. macOS Titanium samples at c=64 were 6.1k / 7.7k / 19.4k; the cell is that median, not a tight result.

Not possible: nginx column omitted (no RFC 8441 extended CONNECT).

OS	Titanium	YARP	HAProxy	Envoy
Windows	🥇 28,294 (154 MiB / 43.7% CPU)	0 (152 MiB / 19.4% CPU)	Not possible	Not possible
Linux	🥇 42,050 (200 MiB / 49.6% CPU)	0 (198 MiB / 43.0% CPU)	38,112 (83 MiB / 40.3% CPU)	0 (124 MiB / 0.3% CPU)
macOS	7,705 (288 MiB / 15.9% CPU)	0 (186 MiB / 9.8% CPU)	🥇 9,015 (101 MiB / 15.4% CPU)	0 (116 MiB / 0.4% CPU)

Other measurements

What	Result
HTTPS TTFB vs direct (median, 14 hosts)	Cold ≈ parity (−1 ms); warm −25 ms (proxy faster)
HTTP/1 loopback GET (no body intercept)	~128 µs, ~9.9 KB allocated / request
Basic example footprint (Release, after load)	~74 MB working set · ~24–29 MB private bytes

dotnet run -c Release --project benchmarks/Titanium.Web.Proxy.Benchmarks -- --filter '*Throughput*'

Local laptop BDN @ 9d7c2966 (Release):

Benchmark	Setup	Mean	Allocated / op
HTTP/1 GET through proxy	Passthrough	128 µs	9.9 KB
HTTP/2 multiplexed GETs	10 concurrent streams	253 µs / batch	~4.4 KB / request

Raising limits on large hosts

There is no artificial upper clamp on server defaults. Per-endpoint overrides:

Knob	Scope	Default	Override
ProxyServer.MaxCachedConnections	process, per upstream host	128	any ≥ 1
ProxyEndPoint.MaxCachedConnections	endpoint → pool depth for that EP’s sessions	null (use server)	e.g. 256 on reverse EP
ProxyEndPoint.MaxConcurrentClients	endpoint admission	null (off)	any ≥ 1
ResourceLimits.MaxConcurrentStreamsPerConnection	H2 streams	256	ProxyResourceLimits.Create(...)
TransparentQuicProxyEndPoint.MaxInboundBidirectionalStreams	H3	100 (probe uses 256)	property on EP
ForwardCleartext	transparent TLS terminate	false	true + decrypt

proxy.MaxCachedConnections = 512;
proxy.ResourceLimits = ProxyResourceLimits.Create(
    /* … */,
    maxConcurrentStreamsPerConnection: 1000,
    maxCachedConnectionsPerHost: 512,
    /* … */);

var ep = new TransparentProxyEndPoint(IPAddress.Any, 443, decryptSsl: true)
{
    ForwardHost = "127.0.0.1",
    ForwardPort = 8080,
    ForwardCleartext = true,
    MaxCachedConnections = 256,
    GenericCertificateName = "example.com"
};
ep.BeforeSslAuthenticate += (_, a) =>
{
    a.UpstreamHttpProtocol = UpstreamHttpProtocol.Http11;
    a.AllowHttpProtocolTranslation = true; // HTTP/2 client → HTTP/1 origin
    return Task.CompletedTask;
};

Maintainer notes

CI cadence, shards, paste scripts, and gate floors for people refreshing these tables. Consumers can skip this section.

Tiered cadence

Tier	Mode	When
Daily / per-PR	compare-spot	minutes
Milestone	compare-terminate / compare-matrix	~1–2h
Editions	compare-editions	~60 min (CLI / Plus / Intercept stress arms)
Cross-version (Gate 2)	compare-cross-version	~1–2h vs committed 6.0 baselines
Pre-wiki smoke	compare-product-smoke (Linux 2 shards, repeats=1)	~30–60 min; required before full product
Release / wiki	compare-product (3 comparison-group shards × Win/Linux/mac)	~2–2½h wall (Free account queues beyond 20 jobs)
Unary gRPC	compare-grpc	Win/Linux/mac; H2↔H2 + H2→h2c (arm_shard 1/2, 2/2)
WebSocket dual-TLS	compare-ws-h1tls	Win/Linux/mac; H1 TLS→H1 TLS echo
WebSocket RFC 8441	compare-ws-h2	Win/Linux/mac; H2 TLS→H1 plain (nginx N/A)
Heavier tables	compare-bodies (2 shards) / post / lossy / arch (3 shards) / tls-cost	dispatch independently

See PERF-GATES.md.

Arm shards (comparison groups)

--arm-shard i/n (workflow input arm_shard) partitions wiki rows (Client×Origin + heavier/arch workload suffix), not individual proxy arms. Paste unions shard CSVs (paste-compare-product-wiki.ps1 -RunIds …; heavier RUNS lists). Table “Source: Actions” may list several run URLs for one table — do not mix SHAs. Free GitHub accounts allow 20 concurrent jobs (~34 for a full suite); extras queue, they do not fail. Dispatch product (and cross-version) first when wall clock matters.

One wiki row = one GHA job’s Client×Origin cell set: TWP + YARP + nginx + HAProxy + Envoy (when the OS can run them) + TWP Lite + Full stay on the same VM. Shards split rows, not individual proxies — so TWP÷YARP and Lite÷Reverse remain same-job ratios. Do not compare absolute RPS across shards (different VMs).

Gate thresholds

• Reverse product signal: TWP÷YARP ≥ 0.75 (nginx / HAProxy / Envoy are wiki and chart peers only — no CI gate). Edition CLI/Plus ratios floor at 0.50.
• MITM overhead: Lite÷Reverse ≥ 0.40 and Full÷Reverse ≥ 0.40 (median of 3 GHA runs @ c=64). Absolute RPS moves with runner heat; ratios are the claim.
• Do not enable the HTTP/2 MITM multi-origin relay pool (MaxOriginHttp2ConnectionsPerAuthority > 1 under interception): Tip A/B showed Lite err%~29 and RSS blow-up, which fails the Lite/Full÷Reverse floors. Multi-origin remains gate-off compressed-relay only.
• Editions: see PERF-GATES.md and validate-edition-gates.ps1.
• Cross-version (Gate 2) before a major tag: run compare-cross-version (reverse matrix, routes unset) on develop vs committed 6.0 baselines (baseline-6.0-win.csv / baseline-6.0-linux.csv).

Gate	Threshold
Peer-normalized RPS (when YARP peer exists)	(TWP÷YARP)_7 ÷ (TWP÷YARP)_6 ≥ 0.90 or current (TWP÷YARP) ≥ 0.90
Absolute RPS floor (TWP arms)	7.0 ÷ 6.0 ≥ 0.70 (runner heat — peers move with the box)
RSS	7.0 ÷ 6.0 ≤ 1.20 per TWP arm @ c=64

nginx/YARP absolute RPS is not gated. See validate-cross-version.ps1.

pwsh tools/RpsLoadProbe/run-rps.ps1 -Mode compare-cross-version
pwsh tools/RpsLoadProbe/validate-cross-version.ps1 `
  -BaselineCsv tools/RpsLoadProbe/results/baseline-6.0-win.csv `
  -CurrentCsv  tools/RpsLoadProbe/results/rps-ramp-*.csv

Paste / regenerate

Product refresh and heavier tables:

pwsh tools/RpsLoadProbe/run-rps.ps1 -Mode compare-product
pwsh tools/RpsLoadProbe/run-rps.ps1 -Mode compare-editions
pwsh tools/RpsLoadProbe/validate-edition-gates.ps1 -CsvPath tools/RpsLoadProbe/results/rps-ramp-*.csv
pwsh tools/RpsLoadProbe/run-rps.ps1 -Mode compare-bodies
pwsh tools/RpsLoadProbe/run-rps.ps1 -Mode compare-post
pwsh tools/RpsLoadProbe/run-rps.ps1 -Mode compare-lossy
pwsh tools/RpsLoadProbe/run-rps.ps1 -Mode compare-tls-cost
pwsh tools/RpsLoadProbe/run-rps.ps1 -Mode compare-arch
pwsh tools/RpsLoadProbe/run-rps.ps1 -Mode compare-saturation

Harness details: RpsLoadProbe. The harness does not disable TWP safety that peers also skip, and it does not retune to pass gates (PERF-GATES.md). MITM leaf keys are a shared RSA/ECDSA pair per CertificateManager (intentional RPS tradeoff).