Prepare klog release for Kubernetes v1.24 (Take 3)

What's Changed

• Panic on empty info with custom logr by @jklaw90 in #283
• Add missing Depth logging functions. by @s3rj1k in #280
• fix typo in klog.go by @cocaccola in #270
• Update README.md by @noaabarki in #281
• log filter: ignored by V, used during log call by @pohly in #290
• SetLogger/ClearLogger/SetLogFilter cleanup by @pohly in #289
• fixes for PR #280, refactoring, textlogger, unit test by @pohly in #287
• klogr verbosity by @pohly in #295
• test: fix Go version matrix by @pohly in #298
• handle panics in MarshalLog, Error, String by @pohly in #299
• Fix goroutine leak: make flushDaemon stoppable by @katexochen in #293
• structured logging: replacing Fatal/Exit/etc. without loss of flushing by @pohly in #303
• contextual logging by @pohly in #296
• remove side effects of tests by @pohly in #305
• tests: stop testing with Go 1.14 by @pohly in #304

New Contributors

• @jklaw90 made their first contribution in #283
• @s3rj1k made their first contribution in #280
• @cocaccola made their first contribution in #270
• @noaabarki made their first contribution in #281
• @katexochen made their first contribution in #293

Full Changelog: v2.40.1...v2.50.0