restrict_int<T>() for opt-checked casts, starting with subdomain_id inputs

[roystgnr]

I'm certain that we need something that does conversion checking even in opt mode - otherwise we can get silent corruption and/or confusing failures when we try to read a subdomain_id above ~2^16 with a libMesh build that's using our default 16-bit subdomain_id_type. That seemed to be happening to me with the file @jwpeterson sent me to look at regarding #4358.

I'm not certain about the name here. In hindsight, perhaps even cast_int should have been called cast_value, since these methods would be useful for FP/integer interconversions (and maybe for FP/FP conversions) too?

[moosebuild]

Job Coverage, step Generate coverage on 23b0101 wanted to post the following:

Coverage

	9334d7	#4439 23b010
	Total	Total	+/-	New
Rate	65.47%	65.47%	+0.00%	100.00%
Hits	78229	78233	+4	21
Misses	41253	41253	-	0

Diff coverage report

Full coverage report

This comment will be updated on new commits.

[moosebuild]

Job Test MOOSE modules on 23b0101 : invalidated by @roystgnr

Kicking in the hopes that the chemical_reactions/test:thermochimica.MoRu_FV failure was an MPI fluke...