docs(pt): translate handbook-v2/Basics

[guuszz]

Summary

Adds the Brazilian Portuguese translation of The Basics from the TypeScript v2 Handbook, into docs/documentation/pt/handbook-v2/.

This continues the handbook-v2 PT-BR effort (#247 Understanding Errors, #248 The Handbook). The Basics is the canonical page #2 in the handbook reading order, right after the intro.

Translation choices

• Followed the established pt/ frontmatter convention: translated title, oneline and preamble; adapted permalink to /pt/docs/handbook/2/basic-types.html; the preamble link points to /pt/...#comece-por-aqui (the PT anchor of the intro page from docs(pt): translate handbook-v2/The Handbook #248).
• Preserved all code samples verbatim — including every twoslash directive (// @errors, // @noErrors, // @showEmit, // @target, etc.) and the positional query markers (// ^?, // ^|) exactly as in the EN source, so the interactive examples still render.
• Translated only the explanatory comments inside code blocks (e.g. // Greets the world. → // Saúda o mundo.), matching the convention used by the already-merged ko/handbook-v2/Basics.md.
• Kept the <!-- prettier-ignore --> pragma and all external links unchanged.
• Left untranslatable technical terms like downleveling, strictness, tooling with a PT gloss in parentheses on first use where helpful.

Source

microsoft/TypeScript-Website @ packages/documentation/copy/en/handbook-v2/Basics.md

Testing

Read side-by-side with the EN source; verified code fences are balanced (26 blocks) and every twoslash directive/marker is byte-for-byte preserved. Cross-checked terminology and structure against already-merged pt/ pages and the ko translation of this same page. Happy to iterate on any terminology choice.