Bump golang version to 1.21.9-1

[dagood]

Merge Checklist

All boxes should be checked before merging the PR (just tick any boxes which don't apply to this PR)

• The toolchain has been rebuilt successfully (or no changes were made to it)
• The toolchain/worker package manifests are up-to-date
• Any updated packages successfully build (or no packages were changed)
• Packages depending on static components modified in this PR (Golang, *-static subpackages, etc.) have had their Release tag incremented.
• Package tests (%check section) have been verified with RUN_CHECK=y for existing SPEC files, or added to new SPEC files
• All package sources are available
• cgmanifest files are up-to-date and sorted (./cgmanifest.json, ./toolkit/scripts/toolchain/cgmanifest.json, .github/workflows/cgmanifest.json)
• LICENSE-MAP files are up-to-date (./SPECS/LICENSES-AND-NOTICES/data/licenses.json, ./SPECS/LICENSES-AND-NOTICES/LICENSES-MAP.md, ./SPECS/LICENSES-AND-NOTICES/LICENSE-EXCEPTIONS.PHOTON)
• All source files have up-to-date hashes in the *.signatures.json files
• sudo make go-tidy-all and sudo make go-test-coverage pass
• Documentation has been updated to match any changes to the build system
• Ready to merge

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Summary

Bump golang version to 1.21.9-1

Change Log

• Bump golang version to 1.21.9-1
• https://groups.google.com/g/golang-announce/c/YgW0sx8mN3M

Does this affect the toolchain?

No

Test Methodology

• https://dev.azure.com/mariner-org/mariner/_build/results?buildId=543256&view=results

[mfrw]

With a go update, we also bump the release tag of packages that depend on go

[dagood]

Yeah, we're still waiting on a script to be able to reasonably do that. #8317 (comment)