Upgrade default golang to 1.22.5 and backport the fix for 1.18

[bhagyapathak]

Merge Checklist

All boxes should be checked before merging the PR (just tick any boxes which don't apply to this PR)

• [x ] The toolchain has been rebuilt successfully (or no changes were made to it)
• [ x] The toolchain/worker package manifests are up-to-date
• [ x] Any updated packages successfully build (or no packages were changed)
• [ x] Packages depending on static components modified in this PR (Golang, *-static subpackages, etc.) have had their Release tag incremented.
• [ x] Package tests (%check section) have been verified with RUN_CHECK=y for existing SPEC files, or added to new SPEC files
• [ x] All package sources are available
• [ x] cgmanifest files are up-to-date and sorted (./cgmanifest.json, ./toolkit/scripts/toolchain/cgmanifest.json, .github/workflows/cgmanifest.json)
• [ x] LICENSE-MAP files are up-to-date (./SPECS/LICENSES-AND-NOTICES/data/licenses.json, ./SPECS/LICENSES-AND-NOTICES/LICENSES-MAP.md, ./SPECS/LICENSES-AND-NOTICES/LICENSE-EXCEPTIONS.PHOTON)
• [ x] All source files have up-to-date hashes in the *.signatures.json files
• [ x] sudo make go-tidy-all and sudo make go-test-coverage pass
• [ x] Documentation has been updated to match any changes to the build system
• [ x] If you are adding/removing a .spec file that has multiple-versions supported, please add @microsoft/cbl-mariner-multi-package-reviewers team as reviewer (Eg. golang has 2 versions 1.18, 1.21+)
• Ready to merge

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Summary

This PR fixes the CVE 2024-24790 in golang

Change Log

Upgrade golang 1.21 to 1.22
Backport fix to golang 1.18

Does this affect the toolchain?

YES/NO

Associated issues

• #xxxx

Links to CVEs

https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-24790

Test Methodology

• Pipeline build id: in-progress
  https://dev.azure.com/mariner-org/mariner/_build/results?buildId=613645&view=results
  https://dev.azure.com/mariner-org/mariner/_build/results?buildId=613640&view=results

Local build successful

[mfrw]

LGTM :)
[It was discussed offline that we would not bump the dependent packages]

/cc @jslobodzian

[CBL-Mariner-Bot]

Auto cherry-pick results:

• main ✅ -> [AUTO-CHERRYPICK] Upgrade default golang to 1.22.5 and backport the fix for 1.18 - branch main #9968

Auto cherry-pick pipeline run -> https://dev.azure.com/mariner-org/mariner/_build/results?buildId=613940&view=results