Nuxt Image (dependencies) causing hydration mismatch in production

[nddr]

Issue:
Only in production, a hydration mismatch is caused when calling an /api route. The image below shows the output in the console. See reproduction code for more details.

Stack:
Nuxt: 3.16
Node: 19.7.0 & 22.13.0

Code for reproduction:
https://stackblitz.com/edit/github-uqrob3fw

Steps:

1. Nuxt Starter ^
2. npm i @nuxt/image
3. npm upgrade <- This is the culprit.

Only after running npm upgrade does the issue begin. From this point on I don't know how to further diagnose this issue.
If its worth anything, @nuxt/fonts also caused this same issue before the release of 0.11.0.

[paper-krane]

I found this exact issue. Is there any way you found to fix it?