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Setup

1. php mysqli_connect: authentication method unknown to the client [caching_sha2_password]
   • return to the MySQL Installer
   • select "Reconfigure" next to MySQL Server
   • click "Next" until you get to "Authentication Method"
   • change from "Use Strong Password Encryption for Authentication(RECOMMENDED)" to "Use Legacy Authentication Method"

As of PHP 7.4 and above this is no longer an issue. Support for caching_sha2 authentication method has been added to mysqlnd.