fix(progressbar): use dynamic transition for fast value updates

[Will-Smith-007]

The root cause is in the CSS:

.p-progressbar-determinate .p-progressbar-value {                                                                     
      transition: width 1s ease-in-out;                                                                                 
}

When the value increments faster than 1 second, each Angular binding update starts a new CSS transition from the current visual position (not the previous data value). So the bar perpetually lags — at 50%, it may visually only be at e.g. 20% because each 1s animation was interrupted mid-way.

To fix the issue of fast updates, I implemented a simple 1-second timeout strategy. If the previous value update occurred less than a second ago, the transition property is temporarily overridden to a 100 ms ease-in-out animation. Otherwise, it uses the standard CSS transition defined above. I have written some tests that should also help to understand the written code.

closes #19224