Allow passing ESPHome ports by name

[puddly]

Instead of using ESPHome serial proxy port instance IDs to refer to ports, we should use the user-friendly name. I've taken this opportunity to clean up the URI format.

Before:

esphome://my-device.local/0

After:

esphome://my-device.local?port_name=Some+Name

Python code that knows it's directly communicating with an ESPHome device should instead pass these as kwargs to either Serial.from_url (sync) or open_serial_connection (async) to avoid dealing with URI encoding.

The old format is still supported for convenience. In addition, we now support passing an external aioesphomeapi instance, which allows for creating and tearing down serial connections without opening a new API connection to a device.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 88.82%. Comparing base (d2f03b5) to head (84fa531).
⚠️ Report is 1 commits behind head on dev.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##              dev      #48      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   88.69%   88.82%   +0.13%     
==========================================
  Files          19       19              
  Lines        2734     2757      +23     
==========================================
+ Hits         2425     2449      +24     
+ Misses        309      308       -1     

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