[Backport maintenance/4.0.x] [typing] Add sys check guard for typing.Self for python < 3.11

[pylint-backport]

Backport 66df47f from #2911.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
⚠️ Please upload report for BASE (maintenance/4.0.x@f3255d1). Learn more about missing BASE report.

Additional details and impacted files

@@                 Coverage Diff                  @@
##             maintenance/4.0.x    #2912   +/-   ##
====================================================
  Coverage                     ?   93.40%           
====================================================
  Files                        ?       92           
  Lines                        ?    11167           
  Branches                     ?        0           
====================================================
  Hits                         ?    10431           
  Misses                       ?      736           
  Partials                     ?        0           

Flag	Coverage Δ
linux	93.27% <100.00%> (?)
pypy	93.40% <100.00%> (?)
windows	93.39% <100.00%> (?)

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Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
astroid/nodes/scoped_nodes/mixin.py	98.41% <100.00%> (ø)
astroid/nodes/scoped_nodes/scoped_nodes.py	93.69% <100.00%> (ø)
astroid/objects.py	94.33% <100.00%> (ø)

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