Upgrade debian version to 12 bookworm

[Baltoli]

This PR bumps the version of Debian Stable we use for K packaging to the latest version (12; Bookworm). The changes entailed are as follows:

• Bulk renaming of packages, workflow steps etc. from bullseye to bookworm.
• Bump LLVM dependencies from 11 -> 14 in Debian.
• Change version tag and debian compat version in packaging.
• Bump JDK version from 11 -> 17 in Linux packaging generally, as 11 has been removed from Debian 12. Version 17 is available in all repositories where it's requested here (Focal, Jammy, Bookworm). If this is likely to cause unforeseen issues, we can implement a solution similar to what we do for LLVM and parameterize Dockerfiles on their required JDK version.

Commented below is a link to a (now removed) workflow run that demonstrates we can build the new Debian package successfully.

[Baltoli]

Example run of bookworm packaging succeeding here: https://github.com/runtimeverification/k/actions/runs/5510999632/jobs/10045987280?pr=3506

[dwightguth]

Code looks okay; I'm a little concerned that we might need to make slightly more adjustments to the documentation to make sure it's clear enough what versions of Java we support.