3d render engine

3D Renderer in Java

A 3D renderer written in pure Java with no external libraries — just Swing, math, and a lot of triangles!

This project builds a rotating, shaded sphere using triangle subdivision, z-buffering, and basic flat shading.

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Features

• Renders 3D triangles onto a 2D panel
• Sphere-like shape using triangle inflation
• Real-time rotation using sliders
• Flat shading based on light angle
• Z-buffering for correct depth sorting
• All rendering handled pixel-by-pixel using BufferedImage

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Preview

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How It Works

• Tetrahedron → Sphere:
  A basic tetrahedron is subdivided multiple times using the inflate() function to approximate a sphere.

• Matrix Transformations:
  Rotation is applied via 3x3 matrix multiplication (Matrix3) based on slider values.

• Flat Shading:
  Calculates light intensity using surface normals and simple dot product.

• Z-buffer:
  Keeps track of depth values for each pixel to render the closest triangle only.

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Controls

• Horizontal Slider (Bottom): Rotate left/right (rotates around XZ plane)
• Vertical Slider (Right): Rotate up/down (rotates the object around YZ plane) The 3D shape updates in real-time as you drag the sliders.

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Dependencies

None!
Built only with core Java:

import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;

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Open to feedback, constructive criticism, and collaboration!

Feel free to fork, suggest improvements, or just reach out — I'm always learning and happy to connect.