Add SchemaBrokenReferenceError to distinguish broken references after transformation

[staging-devin-ai-integration]

Add SchemaBrokenReferenceError to distinguish broken references after transformation

Summary

This PR introduces a new SchemaBrokenReferenceError exception class as a subclass of SchemaReferenceError. The default implementation of SchemaTransformRule::rereference now throws this more specific error type instead of the generic SchemaReferenceError.

This change allows users of the transformer API to distinguish between references that break during transformation versus other types of reference errors, making error handling more precise and debugging easier.

Changes:

• Added SchemaBrokenReferenceError class in jsonschema_error.h that extends SchemaReferenceError
• Updated SchemaTransformRule::rereference in transformer.cc to throw the new error type
• Updated test rereference_not_fixed_ref to catch the more specific error type

Backward Compatibility: Since SchemaBrokenReferenceError is a subclass of SchemaReferenceError, existing code that catches SchemaReferenceError will continue to work without modification.

Review & Testing Checklist for Human

• Verify the error message "The reference broke after transformation" is appropriate and helpful for users
• Confirm the inheritance hierarchy makes sense (broken reference is indeed a type of reference error)
• Check if there are other places in the codebase or downstream projects that might benefit from catching this specific error type
• Run the full test suite locally to ensure all transformer tests pass, especially rereference_not_fixed_ref

Test Plan

1. Run make to verify all tests pass
2. Optionally, create a simple test case that intentionally breaks a reference during transformation and verify the new error type is thrown with the correct details

Notes

• All local tests pass (22/22 tests passed)
• The error class is properly exported with SOURCEMETA_CORE_JSONSCHEMA_EXPORT
• Session: https://staging.itsdev.in/sessions/788405f81ac04c1aba525ef40e0eb093
• Requested by: unknown ()

[staging-devin-ai-integration]

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