Embed sqlite amalgamation 3.51.0 source code

[gwynne]

These changes are now available in 1.12.1

Update embedded SQLite from 3.50.4 to 3.51.0 (SQLite release notes).

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 70.88%. Comparing base (a4c62fa) to head (e311735).
⚠️ Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main      #95      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   72.06%   70.88%   -1.19%     
==========================================
  Files          10       10              
  Lines        1013      965      -48     
==========================================
- Hits          730      684      -46     
+ Misses        283      281       -2     

see 6 files with indirect coverage changes

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