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[core] Forward-port: preserve event-log order in hook-vs-sleep replay races (#2171)#2185

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[core] Forward-port: preserve event-log order in hook-vs-sleep replay races (#2171)#2185
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@VaguelySerious VaguelySerious commented May 31, 2026

Forward-port of #2171 from `stable` to `main` (cherry-pick of merge commit `38c67a7`, applied with no conflicts).

Summary

Fixes a replay divergence where a buffered hook payload races a concurrent `sleep`, and `sleep` can win a `Promise.race` that the committed event log says the hook won — surfacing as `CorruptedEventLogError` on replay.

Branch-deciding deliveries (buffered hook payloads and wait completions) are now handed to the workflow in strict event-log order — anchored on event position rather than microtask-resolution timing — so the committed branch wins deterministically, independent of decryption/hydration time or `Promise.race` argument order.

See #2171 for full root-cause analysis and fix details.

Validation

  • Cherry-picked the squashed merge commit onto `main`; clean auto-merge, diff identical to the original PR.
  • `@workflow/core` typecheck: clean.
  • Affected tests (hook-sleep-interaction, async-deserialization-ordering, sleep, step): 87/87 pass.
  • Remaining `e2e/` failures in the full suite are pre-existing on clean `main` (require a full build setup) and unrelated to these runtime changes.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 noreply@anthropic.com

@VaguelySerious VaguelySerious requested a review from a team as a code owner May 31, 2026 08:56
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changeset-bot Bot commented May 31, 2026

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 63a12a8

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages
Name Type
@workflow/core Patch
@workflow/builders Patch
@workflow/cli Patch
@workflow/next Patch
@workflow/nitro Patch
@workflow/vitest Patch
@workflow/web-shared Patch
@workflow/web Patch
workflow Patch
@workflow/world-testing Patch
@workflow/astro Patch
@workflow/nest Patch
@workflow/rollup Patch
@workflow/sveltekit Patch
@workflow/vite Patch
@workflow/nuxt Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

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🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

Passed Failed Skipped Total
❌ ▲ Vercel Production 1264 2 219 1485
✅ 💻 Local Development 1671 0 219 1890
✅ 📦 Local Production 1671 0 219 1890
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres 1671 0 219 1890
✅ 🪟 Windows 135 0 0 135
✅ 📋 Other 769 0 176 945
Total 7181 2 1052 8235

❌ Failed Tests

▲ Vercel Production (2 failed)

hono (1 failed):

  • cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KSYP28WNWYSMQBHT1E6R1PBM | 🔍 observability

nuxt (1 failed):

  • cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KSYP28WNWYSMQBHT1E6R1PBM | 🔍 observability

Details by Category

❌ ▲ Vercel Production
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro 109 0 26
✅ example 109 0 26
✅ express 109 0 26
✅ fastify 109 0 26
❌ hono 108 1 26
✅ nextjs-turbopack 133 0 2
✅ nextjs-webpack 133 0 2
✅ nitro 109 0 26
❌ nuxt 108 1 26
✅ sveltekit 128 0 7
✅ vite 109 0 26
✅ 💻 Local Development
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-stable 110 0 25
✅ express-stable 110 0 25
✅ fastify-stable 110 0 25
✅ hono-stable 110 0 25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary 116 0 19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled 135 0 0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled 135 0 0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary 116 0 19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled 135 0 0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled 135 0 0
✅ nitro-stable 110 0 25
✅ nuxt-stable 110 0 25
✅ sveltekit-stable 129 0 6
✅ vite-stable 110 0 25
✅ 📦 Local Production
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-stable 110 0 25
✅ express-stable 110 0 25
✅ fastify-stable 110 0 25
✅ hono-stable 110 0 25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary 116 0 19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled 135 0 0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled 135 0 0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary 116 0 19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled 135 0 0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled 135 0 0
✅ nitro-stable 110 0 25
✅ nuxt-stable 110 0 25
✅ sveltekit-stable 129 0 6
✅ vite-stable 110 0 25
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-stable 110 0 25
✅ express-stable 110 0 25
✅ fastify-stable 110 0 25
✅ hono-stable 110 0 25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary 116 0 19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled 135 0 0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled 135 0 0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary 116 0 19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled 135 0 0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled 135 0 0
✅ nitro-stable 110 0 25
✅ nuxt-stable 110 0 25
✅ sveltekit-stable 129 0 6
✅ vite-stable 110 0 25
✅ 🪟 Windows
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack 135 0 0
✅ 📋 Other
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable 110 0 25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start- 110 0 25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable 110 0 25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start- 110 0 25
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable 110 0 25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start- 110 0 25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start 109 0 26

📋 View full workflow run

❌ Some E2E test jobs failed:

  • Vercel Prod: failure
  • Local Dev: success
  • Local Prod: success
  • Local Postgres: success
  • Windows: success

Check the workflow run for details.

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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
💻 Local 🥇 Nitro 0.040s (-6.3% 🟢) 1.006s (~) 0.965s 10 1.00x
💻 Local Express 0.043s (-2.9%) 1.006s (~) 0.963s 10 1.06x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.053s (-9.3% 🟢) 1.010s (~) 0.957s 10 1.30x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 0.058s 1.005s 0.947s 10 1.43x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.063s (-33.6% 🟢) 1.013s (-2.9%) 0.950s 10 1.56x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 0.068s 1.012s 0.944s 10 1.69x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 0.299s (+26.9% 🔺) 2.326s (+8.9% 🔺) 2.027s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 0.301s (+19.5% 🔺) 2.352s (+0.8%) 2.052s 10 1.01x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
💻 Local 🥇 Nitro 1.095s (-3.2%) 2.006s (~) 0.911s 10 1.00x
💻 Local Express 1.101s (-2.2%) 2.006s (~) 0.905s 10 1.01x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.105s (-3.0%) 2.010s (~) 0.905s 10 1.01x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.107s (-3.5%) 2.009s (~) 0.903s 10 1.01x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 1.132s 2.006s 0.874s 10 1.03x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.139s 2.010s 0.871s 10 1.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 1.725s (-8.0% 🟢) 6.340s (+66.5% 🔺) 4.615s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 1.754s (-13.8% 🟢) 6.069s (+58.4% 🔺) 4.315s 10 1.02x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
💻 Local 🥇 Express 10.530s (-3.6%) 11.023s (~) 0.493s 3 1.00x
💻 Local Nitro 10.534s (-3.8%) 11.023s (~) 0.489s 3 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 10.550s (-3.8%) 11.018s (~) 0.469s 3 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 10.559s (-2.9%) 11.018s (~) 0.460s 3 1.00x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 10.815s 11.021s 0.206s 3 1.03x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 10.877s 11.019s 0.141s 3 1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 14.127s (-18.4% 🟢) 15.554s (-19.8% 🟢) 1.427s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 14.338s (-15.6% 🟢) 16.215s (-19.0% 🟢) 1.878s 2 1.01x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
💻 Local 🥇 Express 13.736s (-8.2% 🟢) 14.027s (-6.7% 🟢) 0.291s 5 1.00x
💻 Local Nitro 13.739s (-8.8% 🟢) 14.026s (-12.5% 🟢) 0.287s 5 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 13.827s (-5.2% 🟢) 14.016s (-6.7% 🟢) 0.190s 5 1.01x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 13.863s (-5.0% 🟢) 14.020s (-6.7% 🟢) 0.157s 5 1.01x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 14.434s 15.029s 0.595s 4 1.05x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 14.567s 15.026s 0.459s 4 1.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 21.767s (-56.7% 🟢) 23.611s (-55.1% 🟢) 1.844s 3 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 22.170s (-57.8% 🟢) 24.330s (-55.4% 🟢) 2.160s 3 1.02x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 12.405s (-11.4% 🟢) 13.016s (-10.8% 🟢) 0.612s 7 1.00x
💻 Local Nitro 12.512s (-25.4% 🟢) 13.025s (-23.5% 🟢) 0.513s 7 1.01x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 12.555s (-10.1% 🟢) 13.020s (-9.0% 🟢) 0.464s 7 1.01x
💻 Local Express 12.673s (-23.7% 🟢) 13.170s (-22.7% 🟢) 0.497s 7 1.02x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 13.514s 14.026s 0.512s 7 1.09x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 13.875s 14.162s 0.287s 7 1.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 29.889s (-75.3% 🟢) 31.918s (-74.2% 🟢) 2.028s 3 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 30.963s (-92.1% 🟢) 33.325s (-91.6% 🟢) 2.363s 3 1.04x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 1.168s (-7.3% 🟢) 2.007s (~) 0.839s 15 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.189s (-6.7% 🟢) 2.007s (~) 0.818s 15 1.02x
💻 Local Express 1.213s (-18.5% 🟢) 2.006s (~) 0.793s 15 1.04x
💻 Local Nitro 1.228s (-24.7% 🟢) 2.006s (-3.3%) 0.778s 15 1.05x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.272s 2.008s 0.736s 15 1.09x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 1.310s 2.005s 0.695s 15 1.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 2.605s (-8.9% 🟢) 4.437s (-4.0%) 1.833s 7 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 2.701s (-20.5% 🟢) 4.243s (-14.0% 🟢) 1.542s 8 1.04x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 1.213s (-48.6% 🟢) 2.007s (-33.3% 🟢) 0.794s 15 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.257s (-46.5% 🟢) 2.009s (-33.2% 🟢) 0.752s 15 1.04x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.435s 2.008s 0.573s 15 1.18x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 1.702s 2.005s 0.303s 15 1.40x
💻 Local Express 1.860s (-37.0% 🟢) 2.150s (-37.7% 🟢) 0.291s 14 1.53x
💻 Local Nitro 1.911s (-39.2% 🟢) 2.222s (-42.8% 🟢) 0.311s 14 1.58x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 3.350s (-7.5% 🟢) 5.108s (~) 1.758s 6 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 3.671s (-48.3% 🟢) 6.307s (-29.2% 🟢) 2.635s 5 1.10x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 1.319s (-62.2% 🟢) 2.007s (-50.0% 🟢) 0.687s 15 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.413s (-59.4% 🟢) 2.007s (-49.9% 🟢) 0.595s 15 1.07x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.775s 2.224s 0.449s 14 1.35x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 4.577s 5.012s 0.435s 6 3.47x
💻 Local Express 5.244s (-37.1% 🟢) 5.847s (-35.2% 🟢) 0.603s 6 3.97x
💻 Local Nitro 5.396s (-35.4% 🟢) 6.213s (-31.1% 🟢) 0.817s 5 4.09x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 105.877s (+2397.1% 🔺) 110.324s (+1700.6% 🔺) 4.447s 3 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 308.487s (+3360.1% 🔺) 310.186s (+2730.1% 🔺) 1.699s 1 2.91x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 1.171s (-6.9% 🟢) 2.008s (~) 0.837s 15 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.182s (-5.9% 🟢) 2.008s (~) 0.826s 15 1.01x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.263s 2.008s 0.745s 15 1.08x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 1.404s 2.006s 0.602s 15 1.20x
💻 Local Nitro 1.558s (-16.5% 🟢) 2.006s (-14.3% 🟢) 0.448s 15 1.33x
💻 Local Express 1.586s (-16.2% 🟢) 2.006s (-15.1% 🟢) 0.420s 15 1.35x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 2.402s (-7.0% 🟢) 3.849s (-11.5% 🟢) 1.448s 8 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 2.493s (-15.0% 🟢) 3.996s (-13.9% 🟢) 1.503s 8 1.04x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 1.274s (-45.6% 🟢) 2.074s (-31.1% 🟢) 0.801s 15 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.288s (-45.0% 🟢) 2.008s (-33.3% 🟢) 0.720s 15 1.01x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.400s 2.008s 0.608s 15 1.10x
💻 Local Nitro 2.065s (-32.6% 🟢) 2.591s (-33.3% 🟢) 0.526s 12 1.62x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 2.121s 2.510s 0.389s 12 1.66x
💻 Local Express 2.131s (-32.0% 🟢) 2.675s (-28.9% 🟢) 0.544s 12 1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 3.397s (+6.4% 🔺) 5.075s (+5.9% 🔺) 1.678s 6 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 3.712s (+18.1% 🔺) 5.507s (+21.8% 🔺) 1.794s 6 1.09x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 1.328s (-62.0% 🟢) 2.008s (-49.9% 🟢) 0.680s 15 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.452s (-58.3% 🟢) 2.074s (-48.3% 🟢) 0.622s 15 1.09x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.771s 2.471s 0.701s 13 1.33x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 5.005s 5.517s 0.512s 6 3.77x
💻 Local Express 6.381s (-27.5% 🟢) 6.815s (-26.5% 🟢) 0.434s 5 4.80x
💻 Local Nitro 6.392s (-30.1% 🟢) 6.816s (-32.0% 🟢) 0.424s 5 4.81x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 66.173s (+879.3% 🔺) 68.299s (+699.4% 🔺) 2.126s 5 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 108.275s (+1587.3% 🔺) 109.980s (+1244.8% 🔺) 1.705s 3 1.64x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 0.560s (-33.3% 🟢) 1.023s (~) 0.463s 59 1.00x
💻 Local Express 0.603s (-38.8% 🟢) 1.005s (-6.6% 🟢) 0.402s 60 1.08x
💻 Local Nitro 0.615s (-37.3% 🟢) 1.022s (-6.6% 🟢) 0.407s 59 1.10x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.623s (-24.1% 🟢) 1.058s (+5.2% 🔺) 0.436s 58 1.11x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 0.843s 1.007s 0.164s 60 1.51x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 0.850s 1.004s 0.154s 60 1.52x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 5.076s (-73.3% 🟢) 7.323s (-65.7% 🟢) 2.248s 9 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 5.313s (-63.4% 🟢) 7.516s (-53.3% 🟢) 2.204s 8 1.05x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 1.342s (-32.1% 🟢) 2.029s (-10.1% 🟢) 0.687s 45 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.346s (-30.1% 🟢) 2.008s (-4.4%) 0.661s 45 1.00x
💻 Local Nitro 1.484s (-51.1% 🟢) 2.006s (-46.6% 🟢) 0.522s 45 1.11x
💻 Local Express 1.568s (-48.0% 🟢) 2.029s (-43.4% 🟢) 0.461s 45 1.17x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 2.088s 2.943s 0.855s 31 1.56x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 2.213s 3.045s 0.832s 30 1.65x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 13.314s (-61.4% 🟢) 16.008s (-56.5% 🟢) 2.694s 6 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 14.550s (-70.8% 🟢) 16.412s (-68.3% 🟢) 1.862s 6 1.09x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 2.574s (-35.5% 🟢) 3.033s (-30.6% 🟢) 0.459s 40 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 2.648s (-35.5% 🟢) 3.009s (-34.6% 🟢) 0.361s 40 1.03x
💻 Local Nitro 3.229s (-65.3% 🟢) 4.009s (-60.0% 🟢) 0.780s 30 1.25x
💻 Local Express 3.328s (-63.9% 🟢) 4.009s (-60.0% 🟢) 0.681s 30 1.29x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 4.261s 5.013s 0.752s 24 1.66x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 4.296s 5.010s 0.714s 24 1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 30.149s (-76.8% 🟢) 31.788s (-75.9% 🟢) 1.639s 4 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 32.110s (-70.0% 🟢) 34.798s (-68.1% 🟢) 2.688s 4 1.07x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 0.200s (-29.1% 🟢) 1.006s (~) 0.805s 60 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.226s (-20.4% 🟢) 1.006s (~) 0.780s 60 1.13x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 0.291s 1.008s 0.717s 60 1.45x
💻 Local Nitro 0.446s (-26.3% 🟢) 1.004s (-1.7%) 0.559s 60 2.23x
💻 Local Express 0.523s (-6.6% 🟢) 1.095s (+9.1% 🔺) 0.572s 55 2.61x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 0.595s 1.022s 0.427s 59 2.97x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 2.651s (+35.6% 🔺) 4.521s (+24.3% 🔺) 1.870s 14 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 32.500s (+1506.9% 🔺) 34.864s (+819.0% 🔺) 2.364s 10 12.26x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 0.311s (-38.9% 🟢) 1.006s (~) 0.695s 90 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.370s (-25.5% 🟢) 1.018s (+1.1%) 0.648s 89 1.19x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 0.502s 1.006s 0.504s 90 1.61x
💻 Local Nitro 2.114s (-16.7% 🟢) 2.637s (-12.4% 🟢) 0.524s 35 6.79x
💻 Local Express 2.115s (-15.8% 🟢) 2.715s (-9.8% 🟢) 0.600s 34 6.80x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 2.328s 3.076s 0.748s 30 7.48x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 5.812s (+64.4% 🔺) 10.281s (+98.0% 🔺) 4.469s 9 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 308.226s (+10017.3% 🔺) 309.686s (+6342.0% 🔺) 1.460s 1 53.03x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 0.594s (-27.5% 🟢) 1.006s (-1.2%) 0.412s 120 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.693s (-12.3% 🟢) 1.006s (~) 0.313s 120 1.17x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.008s 1.748s 0.740s 69 1.70x
💻 Local Nitro 9.567s (-14.5% 🟢) 10.279s (-11.9% 🟢) 0.712s 12 16.11x
💻 Local Express 9.765s (-12.7% 🟢) 10.274s (-14.0% 🟢) 0.509s 12 16.44x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 10.331s 11.301s 0.970s 11 17.40x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 11.538s (+11.7% 🔺) 15.094s (+22.9% 🔺) 3.556s 8 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 13.016s (+75.4% 🔺) 18.531s (+100.5% 🔺) 5.514s 7 1.13x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Stream Benchmarks (includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 1.157s (+464.2% 🔺) 2.001s (+100.4% 🔺) 0.001s (-25.0% 🟢) 2.009s (+98.7% 🔺) 0.852s 10 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.162s (+466.9% 🔺) 1.998s (+99.9% 🔺) 0.002s (+20.0% 🔺) 2.012s (+98.9% 🔺) 0.849s 10 1.00x
💻 Local Express 1.165s (+485.3% 🔺) 2.005s (+99.6% 🔺) 0.012s (+1.7%) 2.020s (+98.4% 🔺) 0.854s 10 1.01x
💻 Local Nitro 1.167s (+446.1% 🔺) 2.005s (+99.6% 🔺) 0.012s (-6.4% 🟢) 2.019s (+98.2% 🔺) 0.852s 10 1.01x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 1.210s 2.003s 0.011s 2.018s 0.808s 10 1.05x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.249s 2.003s 0.001s 2.013s 0.765s 10 1.08x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 2.209s (-67.8% 🟢) 3.274s (-62.2% 🟢) 1.704s (+169.7% 🔺) 5.698s (-41.8% 🟢) 3.489s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 2.299s (-8.2% 🟢) 3.606s (-11.9% 🟢) 1.202s (+25.1% 🔺) 5.334s (-4.6%) 3.035s 10 1.04x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 1.556s (+146.9% 🔺) 2.008s (+99.5% 🔺) 0.003s (-12.1% 🟢) 2.022s (+97.6% 🔺) 0.466s 30 1.00x
💻 Local Nitro 1.588s (+89.3% 🔺) 2.009s (+98.6% 🔺) 0.011s (+17.0% 🔺) 2.022s (+81.2% 🔺) 0.434s 30 1.02x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.608s (+157.6% 🔺) 2.007s (+99.3% 🔺) 0.004s (-4.1%) 2.028s (+98.4% 🔺) 0.420s 30 1.03x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.800s 2.010s 0.004s 2.026s 0.226s 30 1.16x
💻 Local Express 2.008s (+165.3% 🔺) 2.010s (+95.3% 🔺) 0.010s (+1.6%) 2.423s (+133.0% 🔺) 0.414s 25 1.29x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 2.120s 2.008s 0.010s 2.422s 0.302s 25 1.36x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 5.660s (-13.0% 🟢) 8.452s (+5.5% 🔺) 0.237s (-42.0% 🟢) 9.212s (+4.3%) 3.552s 7 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 6.049s (-64.2% 🟢) 7.902s (-56.7% 🟢) 0.237s (+12.3% 🔺) 8.625s (-54.4% 🟢) 2.576s 7 1.07x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 0.693s (-27.9% 🟢) 1.051s (-17.7% 🟢) 0.000s (+61.4% 🔺) 1.059s (-18.9% 🟢) 0.366s 57 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.700s (-27.7% 🟢) 1.015s (-18.7% 🟢) 0.000s (-59.3% 🟢) 1.025s (-18.5% 🟢) 0.324s 59 1.01x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 0.856s 1.129s 0.000s 1.138s 0.281s 54 1.24x
💻 Local Nitro 1.352s (+10.5% 🔺) 2.014s (~) 0.000s (+266.7% 🔺) 2.016s (~) 0.665s 30 1.95x
💻 Local Express 1.438s (+17.4% 🔺) 2.014s (~) 0.000s (-10.0% 🟢) 2.016s (~) 0.579s 30 2.07x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 1.502s 2.013s 0.000s 2.016s 0.514s 30 2.17x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 3.377s (-9.7% 🟢) 4.775s (-6.4% 🟢) 0.000s (-54.2% 🟢) 5.283s (-4.5%) 1.906s 12 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 3.993s (-60.8% 🟢) 5.325s (-53.8% 🟢) 0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺) 5.894s (-51.1% 🟢) 1.901s 11 1.18x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 1.406s (-20.6% 🟢) 2.104s (-3.4%) 0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺) 2.120s (-3.6%) 0.714s 29 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.518s (-15.3% 🟢) 2.178s (+1.7%) 0.000s (-100.0% 🟢) 2.189s (+0.7%) 0.671s 28 1.08x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.676s 2.226s 0.000s 2.234s 0.558s 27 1.19x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 3.003s 3.556s 0.001s 3.561s 0.557s 17 2.14x
💻 Local Express 3.128s (-9.8% 🟢) 3.668s (-9.1% 🟢) 0.000s (-41.2% 🟢) 3.679s (-8.8% 🟢) 0.552s 17 2.22x
💻 Local Nitro 3.136s (-7.4% 🟢) 3.833s (-4.9%) 0.001s (+75.8% 🔺) 3.841s (-4.8%) 0.705s 16 2.23x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 49.669s (+784.3% 🔺) 52.156s (+647.0% 🔺) 0.000s (+14.3% 🔺) 54.191s (+618.7% 🔺) 4.522s 7 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express ⚠️ missing - - - - -
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World 🥇 Fastest Framework Wins
💻 Local Nitro 11/21
🐘 Postgres Express 20/21
▲ Vercel Express 15/21
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework 🥇 Fastest World Wins
Express 🐘 Postgres 17/21
Next.js (Turbopack) 🐘 Postgres 14/21
Nitro 🐘 Postgres 14/21
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

❌ Some benchmark jobs failed:

  • Local: success
  • Postgres: success
  • Vercel: failure

Check the workflow run for details.

@VaguelySerious VaguelySerious mentioned this pull request May 31, 2026
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2 participants

@VaguelySerious @TooTallNate