fix(builders): Inline Next.js pseudo‑packages and strip server-only/client-only requires in workflow bundles by karthikscale3 · Pull Request #911 · vercel/workflow

karthikscale3 · 2026-02-01T04:52:38Z

Description

This PR fixes the Turbopack build regression caused by dynamic require() of Next.js marker packages (server-only / client-only) leaking into workflow/step bundles. In the workflow VM, require/import() isn’t available, so any externalized or dynamically required module breaks during page data collection.

What changed

Add a dedicated esbuild plugin to treat server-only/client-only as pseudo‑packages and replace them with empty modules during bundling.
Ensure pseudo‑package handling runs before other resolution plugins in workflow and step bundle builds.
Remove external handling for workflow bundles to avoid generating require() calls in the VM.
Add tests covering pseudo‑package inlining and dynamic import behavior.
Strip require('server-only'|'client-only') in the SWC/esbuild plugin input before transform.

Why this is needed

Upgrading to newer workflow versions started passing tsconfig to esbuild, which surfaced dynamic require('server-only') from aliased imports in large Next apps. Because workflow bundles run in a VM without require, any externalized or dynamic require caused a runtime crash during Next build.

Trade‑off: filtering vs rewriting

I tried tsconfig path filtering to prevent aliases that resolve outside the app root from being bundled. That blocked the regression, but it broke valid local development setups (workbench + repo‑level aliasing) by removing legitimate aliases like @repo/*.

I chose rewriting instead:

Keeps full tsconfig.paths support (no breakage for workbench or monorepo aliases).
Targets the common real‑world case (server-only / client-only shims) and removes the offending require() calls.
Doesn’t protect against other dynamic require() patterns; those will still fail (which is desirable and still surfaced by the build).

Tests

packages/builders/src/pseudo-package-esbuild-plugin.test.ts

…namic-import

…y imports

changeset-bot · 2026-02-01T04:52:42Z

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: db87cf6

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 13 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/docs-typecheck	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

vercel · 2026-02-01T04:52:45Z

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Feb 2, 2026 6:46pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Feb 2, 2026 6:46pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Feb 2, 2026 6:46pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Feb 2, 2026 6:46pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Feb 2, 2026 6:46pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Feb 2, 2026 6:46pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Feb 2, 2026 6:46pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Feb 2, 2026 6:46pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Feb 2, 2026 6:46pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Feb 2, 2026 6:46pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Feb 2, 2026 6:46pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Feb 2, 2026 6:46pm
workflow-nest	Ready	Preview, Comment	Feb 2, 2026 6:46pm

github-actions · 2026-02-01T04:52:47Z

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.044s (-0.9%)	1.008s (~)	0.964s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.294s (+24.6% 🔺)	1.015s (~)	0.721s	10	6.72x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.689s (+6.4% 🔺)	1.757s (+5.0% 🔺)	1.068s	10	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.120s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.888s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.136s (-5.4% 🟢)	3.015s (~)	0.879s	10	1.91x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.915s (-4.3%)	3.810s (+1.4%)	0.895s	10	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	10.848s (~)	11.013s (~)	0.165s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.456s (+6.8% 🔺)	21.032s (+6.0% 🔺)	0.576s	5	1.89x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	23.276s (-1.2%)	24.266s (~)	0.989s	5	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Express

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	4.997s (-1.8%)	5.439s (-8.4% 🟢)	0.442s	6	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	26.107s (-10.6% 🟢)	26.615s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.508s	2	5.22x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.418s (-2.3%)	4.294s (-4.7%)	0.876s	7	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	5.317s (+1.5%)	6.279s (+0.9%)	0.962s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	31.560s (+8.0% 🔺)	32.082s (+6.0% 🔺)	0.522s	1	5.94x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.342s (-3.7%)	4.008s (-4.5%)	0.665s	8	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	5.495s (-0.5%)	6.495s (~)	1.001s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	29.826s (-8.1% 🟢)	30.071s (-9.4% 🟢)	0.245s	1	5.43x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.432s (+6.6% 🔺)	4.294s (+9.5% 🔺)	0.861s	8	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	5.535s (+1.3%)	6.447s (+0.6%)	0.911s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	31.950s (+2.3%)	32.255s (+2.5%)	0.305s	1	5.77x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.193s (+28.2% 🔺)	4.984s (+29.8% 🔺)	0.791s	7	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Express

Stream Benchmarks (includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.187s (+1.7%)	0.992s (~)	0.015s (-2.6%)	1.022s (~)	0.835s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.261s (+99.2% 🔺)	2.781s (+45.8% 🔺)	0.000s (NaN%)	3.014s (+49.7% 🔺)	0.753s	10	12.08x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.492s (+10.9% 🔺)	3.893s (+14.2% 🔺)	0.619s (-28.6% 🟢)	5.073s (+5.1% 🔺)	1.581s	10	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	8/8
🐘 Postgres	Express	8/8
▲ Vercel	Express	8/8

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	4/8

Column Definitions

Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

github-actions · 2026-02-01T04:52:47Z

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
❌ ▲ Vercel Production	456	1	38	495
✅ 💻 Local Development	418	0	32	450
✅ 📦 Local Production	418	0	32	450
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	418	0	32	450
✅ 🪟 Windows	45	0	0	45
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	31	161	0	192
✅ 📋 Other	123	0	12	135
Total	1909	162	146	2217

❌ Failed Tests

▲ Vercel Production (1 failed)

example (1 failed):

addTenWorkflow

🌍 Community Worlds (161 failed)

mongodb (40 failed):

addTenWorkflow
addTenWorkflow
should work with react rendering in step
promiseAllWorkflow
promiseRaceWorkflow
promiseAnyWorkflow
readableStreamWorkflow
hookWorkflow
webhookWorkflow
sleepingWorkflow
nullByteWorkflow
workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
outputStreamWorkflow
outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
fetchWorkflow
promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

redis (40 failed):

addTenWorkflow
addTenWorkflow
should work with react rendering in step
promiseAllWorkflow
promiseRaceWorkflow
promiseAnyWorkflow
readableStreamWorkflow
hookWorkflow
webhookWorkflow
sleepingWorkflow
nullByteWorkflow
workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
outputStreamWorkflow
outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
fetchWorkflow
promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

starter (41 failed):

addTenWorkflow
addTenWorkflow
should work with react rendering in step
promiseAllWorkflow
promiseRaceWorkflow
promiseAnyWorkflow
readableStreamWorkflow
hookWorkflow
webhookWorkflow
sleepingWorkflow
nullByteWorkflow
workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
outputStreamWorkflow
outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
fetchWorkflow
promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

turso (40 failed):

addTenWorkflow
addTenWorkflow
should work with react rendering in step
promiseAllWorkflow
promiseRaceWorkflow
promiseAnyWorkflow
readableStreamWorkflow
hookWorkflow
webhookWorkflow
sleepingWorkflow
nullByteWorkflow
workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
outputStreamWorkflow
outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
fetchWorkflow
promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

❌ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	41	0	4
❌ example	40	1	4
✅ express	41	0	4
✅ fastify	41	0	4
✅ hono	41	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	44	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	44	0	1
✅ nitro	41	0	4
✅ nuxt	41	0	4
✅ sveltekit	41	0	4
✅ vite	41	0	4

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	4
✅ express-stable	41	4
✅ fastify-stable	41	4
✅ hono-stable	41	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0
✅ nitro-stable	41	4
✅ nuxt-stable	41	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	4
✅ vite-stable	41	4

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	4
✅ express-stable	41	4
✅ fastify-stable	41	4
✅ hono-stable	41	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0
✅ nitro-stable	41	4
✅ nuxt-stable	41	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	4
✅ vite-stable	41	4

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	4
✅ express-stable	41	4
✅ fastify-stable	41	4
✅ hono-stable	41	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0
✅ nitro-stable	41	4
✅ nuxt-stable	41	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	4
✅ vite-stable	41	4

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	45	0	0

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0
❌ mongodb	5	40
✅ redis-dev	3	0
❌ redis	5	40
✅ starter-dev	3	0
❌ starter	4	41
✅ turso-dev	3	0
❌ turso	5	40

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	41	4
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	41	4
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	41	4

📋 View full workflow run

…namic-import

karthikscale3 added 9 commits January 27, 2026 10:51

Merge branch 'main' of github.com:vercel/workflow

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Merge branch 'main' of github.com:vercel/workflow

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Merge branch 'main' of github.com:vercel/workflow

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Merge branch 'main' of github.com:vercel/workflow

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Merge branch 'main' of github.com:vercel/workflow

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Merge branch 'main' of github.com:vercel/workflow

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Merge branch 'main' of github.com:vercel/workflow into karthik/fix-dy…

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…namic-import

Fix bundling behavior for dynamic imports and server-only, client-onl…

a450535

…y imports

Generate changeset

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karthikscale3 requested review from TooTallNate, VaguelySerious, ijjk and pranaygp February 1, 2026 04:53

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karthikscale3 added 2 commits February 2, 2026 10:39

Merge branch 'main' of github.com:vercel/workflow into karthik/fix-dy…

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…namic-import

upmerge

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vercel bot deployed to Preview – workbench-sveltekit-workflow February 2, 2026 18:42 View deployment

vercel bot deployed to Preview – workbench-nitro-workflow February 2, 2026 18:42 View deployment

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fix failing unit test

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ijjk approved these changes Feb 2, 2026

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VaguelySerious approved these changes Feb 2, 2026

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vercel-release-bot mentioned this pull request Feb 2, 2026

Version Packages (beta) #915

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karthikscale3 mentioned this pull request Feb 2, 2026

fix(builders): remove external option from workflow bundle to fix require() errors #830

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fix(builders): Inline Next.js pseudo‑packages and strip server-only/client-only requires in workflow bundles#911

fix(builders): Inline Next.js pseudo‑packages and strip server-only/client-only requires in workflow bundles#911
karthikscale3 merged 16 commits intomainfrom
karthik/fix-dynamic-import

karthikscale3 commented Feb 1, 2026 •

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💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

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Description

What changed

Why this is needed

Trade‑off: filtering vs rewriting

Tests

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🦋 Changeset detected

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📊 Benchmark Results

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

Summary

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🧪 E2E Test Results

Summary

❌ Failed Tests

Details by Category

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karthikscale3 commented Feb 1, 2026 •

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