[core] Handle 429 and 500 errors from worlds in runtime #966

VaguelySerious · 2026-02-06T21:45:34Z

Uses retry-after header for 429 when provided.
500s are limited to 3x retry, doing exponential backoff.

Review with white space off for sanity.

Claude's suggestion for e2e tests, which I think we might do separately. I think we should make some sort of testbench for world errors and how the runtime reacts.

  3. E2E with a fault-injection endpoint (moderate effort, very targeted)

  Add a test-only endpoint to the workbench app (or a middleware) that can be told to return 429/500 for the next N requests. Something like:

  POST /e2e/inject-fault { status: 429, retryAfter: 3, count: 2 }

  Then the e2e test would:
  1. Inject a fault (e.g. "next 2 requests to workflow handler return 429 with Retry-After: 3")
  2. Start a workflow
  3. Assert it completes successfully despite the transient errors
  4. Optionally check logs/traces for the retry events

  This is the most surgical approach but requires adding test-only infrastructure. The world-local queue already makes HTTP requests to the app endpoints, so you could intercept at that
  layer.

Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>

changeset-bot · 2026-02-06T21:45:39Z

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 9f75d33

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 19 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/errors	Patch
@workflow/world	Patch
@workflow/world-vercel	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-local	Patch
@workflow/world-postgres	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

vercel · 2026-02-06T21:45:40Z

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 9, 2026 10:23pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 9, 2026 10:23pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 9, 2026 10:23pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 9, 2026 10:23pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 9, 2026 10:23pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 9, 2026 10:23pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 9, 2026 10:23pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 9, 2026 10:23pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 9, 2026 10:23pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 9, 2026 10:23pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 9, 2026 10:23pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 9, 2026 10:23pm
workflow-nest	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 9, 2026 10:23pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 9, 2026 10:23pm

github-actions · 2026-02-06T21:45:45Z

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	490	0	38	528
✅ 💻 Local Development	418	0	62	480
✅ 📦 Local Production	418	0	62	480
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	418	0	62	480
✅ 🪟 Windows	45	0	3	48
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	105	42	9	156
✅ 📋 Other	123	0	21	144
Total	2017	42	257	2316

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (42 failed)

mongodb (1 failed):

webhookWorkflow

turso (41 failed):

addTenWorkflow
addTenWorkflow
should work with react rendering in step
promiseAllWorkflow
promiseRaceWorkflow
promiseAnyWorkflow
hookWorkflow
webhookWorkflow
sleepingWorkflow
nullByteWorkflow
workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
fetchWorkflow
promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Skipped
✅ astro	44	4
✅ example	44	4
✅ express	44	4
✅ fastify	44	4
✅ hono	44	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	47	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	47	1
✅ nitro	44	4
✅ nuxt	44	4
✅ sveltekit	44	4
✅ vite	44	4

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	7
✅ express-stable	41	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	7
✅ hono-stable	41	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	7
✅ vite-stable	41	7

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	7
✅ express-stable	41	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	7
✅ hono-stable	41	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	7
✅ vite-stable	41	7

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	7
✅ express-stable	41	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	7
✅ hono-stable	41	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	7
✅ vite-stable	41	7

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	45	0	3

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	44	1	3
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
✅ redis	45	0	3
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	4	41	3

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	41	7
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	41	7
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	41	7

📋 View full workflow run

github-actions · 2026-02-06T21:45:48Z

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.032s (+22.9% 🔺)	1.005s (~)	0.973s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.032s (-2.7%)	1.005s (~)	0.973s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.046s	1.005s	0.959s	10	1.44x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.051s	1.005s	0.953s	10	1.62x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.106s (+13.5% 🔺)	1.009s (~)	0.903s	10	3.36x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.110s	1.007s	0.897s	10	3.48x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.194s (-45.0% 🟢)	1.021s (-2.1%)	0.827s	10	6.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.444s	1.009s	0.565s	10	14.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.784s (-7.5% 🟢)	2.468s (-4.7%)	1.684s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.786s (-14.1% 🟢)	2.385s (-1.5%)	1.599s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️ missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.105s	2.006s	0.901s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.105s (+2.8%)	2.006s (~)	0.901s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.108s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.898s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.110s	2.006s	0.896s	10	1.00x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.300s	2.007s	0.707s	10	1.18x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.907s	2.113s	0.206s	10	1.73x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.460s (+10.6% 🔺)	3.014s (~)	0.554s	10	2.23x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.500s (+27.1% 🔺)	3.013s (+36.1% 🔺)	0.513s	10	2.26x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.957s (+12.5% 🔺)	3.946s (+7.1% 🔺)	0.988s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.215s (+22.0% 🔺)	4.569s (+21.6% 🔺)	1.354s	10	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️ missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.722s	11.022s	0.300s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.745s	11.023s	0.278s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.838s (+2.4%)	11.022s (~)	0.184s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.839s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.185s	3	1.01x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.349s	13.025s	0.677s	3	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.512s	16.049s	0.537s	2	1.45x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.303s (~)	21.061s (~)	0.758s	2	1.89x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.372s (+32.8% 🔺)	21.053s (+31.2% 🔺)	0.682s	2	1.90x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	18.895s (-5.9% 🟢)	20.661s (-1.5%)	1.766s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	21.076s (+8.2% 🔺)	22.174s (+8.3% 🔺)	1.098s	2	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️ missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	26.866s	27.050s	0.185s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	27.305s	28.051s	0.746s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	27.454s (+2.6%)	28.049s (+3.7%)	0.596s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	27.557s (~)	28.052s (~)	0.495s	3	1.03x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	30.556s	31.046s	0.490s	2	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	50.218s (+21.3% 🔺)	51.134s (+21.4% 🔺)	0.915s	2	1.87x
🐘 Postgres	Express	50.303s (~)	50.630s (-1.0%)	0.327s	2	1.87x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	50.312s	50.623s	0.312s	2	1.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	48.126s (-3.0%)	48.969s (-5.3% 🟢)	0.843s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	49.886s (-4.5%)	51.786s (-3.7%)	1.900s	2	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️ missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	54.374s	55.101s	0.726s	2	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	56.919s	57.103s	0.184s	2	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	57.120s (+2.8%)	58.098s (+3.6%)	0.978s	2	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	57.342s (~)	58.106s (~)	0.764s	2	1.05x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	61.157s	61.592s	0.435s	2	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	91.740s	92.206s	0.466s	1	1.69x
🐘 Postgres	Express	100.159s (~)	100.227s (-1.0%)	0.068s	1	1.84x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	100.479s (+26.0% 🔺)	101.227s (+26.2% 🔺)	0.748s	1	1.85x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	101.457s (-0.6%)	102.618s (-0.8%)	1.161s	1	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	104.877s (+1.8%)	105.825s (+2.1%)	0.948s	1	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️ missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.254s	2.006s	0.753s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.405s (+4.5%)	2.006s (~)	0.601s	15	1.12x
💻 Local	Express	1.416s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.589s	15	1.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.432s	2.005s	0.573s	15	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.095s	2.474s	0.379s	13	1.67x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.164s	3.008s	0.844s	10	1.73x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.194s (-6.6% 🟢)	3.014s (~)	0.820s	10	1.75x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.485s (+40.2% 🔺)	3.014s (+45.0% 🔺)	0.529s	10	1.98x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.728s (+1.1%)	3.889s (+4.9%)	1.161s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.000s (+10.3% 🔺)	4.204s (+9.7% 🔺)	1.204s	8	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️ missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.485s	3.008s	0.523s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.544s (+13.2% 🔺)	3.007s (~)	0.463s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	2.619s (+2.4%)	3.007s (~)	0.388s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.642s	3.007s	0.364s	10	1.06x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.767s	5.178s	0.411s	6	1.92x
🐘 Postgres	Express	8.884s (-0.5%)	9.546s (+2.9%)	0.661s	4	3.58x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	9.960s (-10.4% 🟢)	10.697s (-8.6% 🟢)	0.737s	3	4.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.648s	13.037s	0.389s	3	5.09x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.552s (+9.2% 🔺)	5.099s (+14.9% 🔺)	1.547s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.700s (+17.3% 🔺)	5.005s (+20.3% 🔺)	1.305s	7	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️ missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.067s	4.725s	0.658s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.071s (+19.5% 🔺)	7.767s (+21.1% 🔺)	0.696s	4	1.74x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.627s	8.016s	0.390s	4	1.88x
💻 Local	Express	7.708s (+5.2% 🔺)	8.273s (+3.2%)	0.565s	4	1.90x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.877s	10.352s	0.475s	3	2.43x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	50.050s (-4.4%)	50.119s (-5.7% 🟢)	0.069s	1	12.31x
🐘 Postgres	Express	51.197s (+8.8% 🔺)	52.128s (+8.4% 🔺)	0.931s	1	12.59x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	55.317s	56.128s	0.811s	1	13.60x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.682s (-1.3%)	5.309s (+5.1% 🔺)	1.626s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.333s (+22.4% 🔺)	5.927s (+17.6% 🔺)	1.594s	7	1.18x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️ missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.259s	2.006s	0.747s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.425s (+5.2% 🔺)	2.004s (~)	0.580s	15	1.13x
💻 Local	Express	1.431s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.574s	15	1.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.464s	2.006s	0.542s	15	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.141s (+27.4% 🔺)	2.831s (+36.3% 🔺)	0.691s	11	1.70x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.142s (+2.0%)	2.741s (+5.6% 🔺)	0.599s	11	1.70x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.169s	3.008s	0.839s	10	1.72x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.308s	2.741s	0.432s	11	1.83x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.631s (+1.9%)	3.817s (-0.8%)	1.186s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.777s (+2.8%)	4.032s (+4.4%)	1.254s	8	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️ missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.493s	3.008s	0.515s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.635s (+9.4% 🔺)	3.007s (~)	0.372s	10	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.722s	3.008s	0.285s	10	1.09x
💻 Local	Express	2.837s (+3.1%)	3.008s (~)	0.170s	10	1.14x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.725s	5.176s	0.451s	6	1.89x
🐘 Postgres	Express	11.149s (+2.8%)	11.698s (+2.9%)	0.548s	3	4.47x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.296s (+14.2% 🔺)	13.039s (+14.7% 🔺)	0.743s	3	4.93x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.730s	13.368s	0.638s	3	5.11x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.981s (-6.6% 🟢)	4.089s (-0.8%)	1.108s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.066s (-10.0% 🟢)	3.923s (-15.5% 🟢)	0.857s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️ missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.079s	4.725s	0.646s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.739s (+16.5% 🔺)	8.016s (+14.3% 🔺)	0.277s	4	1.90x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.017s	8.518s	0.501s	4	1.97x
💻 Local	Express	8.163s (+4.8%)	9.023s (+12.5% 🔺)	0.860s	4	2.00x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.734s	10.348s	0.614s	3	2.39x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	52.679s (+7.4% 🔺)	53.124s (+8.1% 🔺)	0.445s	1	12.91x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	54.508s	55.127s	0.619s	1	13.36x
🐘 Postgres	Express	54.742s (+4.8%)	55.132s (+3.8%)	0.390s	1	13.42x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.188s (-6.3% 🟢)	4.374s (-13.7% 🟢)	1.186s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.623s (-14.2% 🟢)	5.046s (-9.5% 🟢)	1.422s	6	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️ missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks (includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.147s	1.001s	0.011s	1.016s	0.869s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.148s	1.000s	0.001s	1.007s	0.859s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.173s (+55.5% 🔺)	1.002s (~)	0.010s (+14.6% 🔺)	1.015s (~)	0.842s	10	1.17x
💻 Local	Express	0.175s (~)	1.002s (~)	0.011s (+9.1% 🔺)	1.016s (~)	0.841s	10	1.19x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.496s	0.951s	0.001s	1.009s	0.513s	10	3.37x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.459s	1.650s	0.001s	2.012s	0.553s	10	9.90x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.144s (+68.7% 🔺)	2.900s (+63.8% 🔺)	0.001s (~)	3.015s (+49.7% 🔺)	0.871s	10	14.54x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.271s (+4.8%)	2.771s (-3.6%)	0.001s (-16.7% 🟢)	3.015s (~)	0.744s	10	15.41x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.396s (-6.6% 🟢)	3.058s (-8.5% 🟢)	0.167s (+8.2% 🔺)	3.971s (-6.6% 🟢)	1.575s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.609s (+8.1% 🔺)	2.867s (-6.0% 🟢)	0.198s (+87.7% 🔺)	3.836s (-0.9%)	1.227s	10	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️ missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Nitro	7/12
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	5/12
▲ Vercel	Express	8/12

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	10/12
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Redis	7/12
Nitro	💻 Local	12/12

Column Definitions

Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

- Propagate Retry-After header as WorkflowAPIError.retryAfter on 429 responses - Add withThrottleRetry wrapper for both workflow and step handlers - Re-enqueue workflows on 5xx errors with exponential backoff (5s, 30s, 120min) - Track serverErrorRetryCount in queue payload for retry budgeting - Expose delaySeconds on QueueOptions interface Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

packages/core/src/runtime/helpers.ts

Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>

changes

8764b75

Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>

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packages/core/src/runtime/helpers.ts Outdated Show resolved Hide resolved

Fix

9f75d33

Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>

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VaguelySerious merged commit 56f2221 into main Feb 9, 2026
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VaguelySerious deleted the peter/429-core branch February 9, 2026 22:43

vercel-release-bot mentioned this pull request Feb 9, 2026

Version Packages (beta) #987

Open

[core] Handle 429 and 500 errors from worlds in runtime #966

[core] Handle 429 and 500 errors from worlds in runtime #966

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🧪 E2E Test Results

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❌ Failed Tests

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📊 Benchmark Results

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

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