python3-Sphinx: update deps

[tornaria]

• python3-docutils: update to 0.21.2.
• python3-Babel: update to 2.17.0.
• python3-alabaster: update to 1.0.0.
• python3-sphinxcontrib-applehelp: update to 2.0.0.
• python3-sphinxcontrib-devhelp: update to 2.0.0.
• python3-sphinxcontrib-htmlhelp: update to 2.1.0.
• python3-sphinxcontrib-qthelp: update to 2.0.0.
• python3-sphinxcontrib-serializinghtml: update to 2.0.0.
• python3-Sphinx: fix check

Testing the changes

• I tested the changes in this PR: briefly

@sgn this is necessary to fix python requires for sphinx:

$ pip check | grep sphinx
sphinx 8.1.3 has requirement alabaster>=0.7.14, but you have alabaster 0.7.12.
sphinx 8.1.3 has requirement sphinxcontrib-applehelp>=1.0.7, but you have sphinxcontrib-applehelp 1.0.4.
sphinx 8.1.3 has requirement sphinxcontrib-devhelp>=1.0.6, but you have sphinxcontrib-devhelp 1.0.2.
sphinx 8.1.3 has requirement sphinxcontrib-htmlhelp>=2.0.6, but you have sphinxcontrib-htmlhelp 2.0.1.
sphinx 8.1.3 has requirement sphinxcontrib-qthelp>=1.0.6, but you have sphinxcontrib-qthelp 1.0.3.

Otherwise, one gets errors when building a wheel that requires it, e.g.:

$ git clone -q https://github.com/sagemath/sagemath-giac/
$ cd sagemath-giac
$ python -m build -nw
* Getting build dependencies for wheel...

ERROR Missing dependencies:
	sagemath-standard
	sphinx<9,>=5.2 -> sphinxcontrib-serializinghtml>=1.1.9 -> Sphinx>=5 -> alabaster>=0.7.14
	sagemath-standard
	sphinx<9,>=5.2 -> sphinxcontrib-serializinghtml>=1.1.9 -> Sphinx>=5 -> sphinxcontrib-devhelp>=1.0.6
	sagemath-standard
	sphinx<9,>=5.2 -> sphinxcontrib-serializinghtml>=1.1.9 -> Sphinx>=5 -> sphinxcontrib-qthelp>=1.0.6
	sagemath-standard
	ipywidgets>=7.5.1 -> jupyterlab_widgets~=3.0.11
	sagemath-standard
	sphinx<9,>=5.2 -> sphinxcontrib-devhelp>=1.0.6
	sagemath-standard
	sphinx<9,>=5.2 -> sphinxcontrib-qthelp>=1.0.6
	sagemath-standard
	sphinx<9,>=5.2 -> alabaster>=0.7.14
	sagemath-standard
	sphinx<9,>=5.2 -> sphinxcontrib-serializinghtml>=1.1.9 -> Sphinx>=5 -> sphinxcontrib-htmlhelp>=2.0.6
	sagemath-standard
	sphinx<9,>=5.2 -> sphinxcontrib-serializinghtml>=1.1.9 -> Sphinx>=5 -> sphinxcontrib-applehelp>=1.0.7
	sagemath-standard
	sphinx<9,>=5.2 -> sphinxcontrib-htmlhelp>=2.0.6
	sagemath-standard
	sphinx<9,>=5.2 -> sphinxcontrib-applehelp>=1.0.7

This package has a dependency on sagemath-standard which implies the sphinx dependency. It builds fine with this PR (+ #54482 for the missing jupyterlab_widgets)

[tornaria]

Included in #54496