Add x86_64-unknown-linux-musl target to CI

[joseph-isaacs]

Summary

This PR adds a new CI job to build and test the Vortex codebase against the x86_64-unknown-linux-musl target. This ensures compatibility with musl-based Linux distributions and validates that the codebase can be compiled with the musl C toolchain.

The new job:

1. Adds a matrix configuration for the musl target with appropriate exclusions for CUDA-related crates (which don't have musl targets)
2. Installs the musl target and musl-tools via rustup and apt
3. Configures the Rust build to use musl-gcc as the C compiler and linker for cross-compiled C dependencies

This complements the existing wasm32 target build and ensures broader platform compatibility.

Testing

The change is validated by the CI workflow itself—the new job will run on every commit and verify that the codebase builds successfully for the musl target with all default features enabled (excluding CUDA crates as appropriate).

https://claude.ai/code/session_01Rv3Ehw978URWYRPZ9r12FH

[codspeed-hq]

Merging this PR will not alter performance

⚠️ Unknown Walltime execution environment detected

Using the Walltime instrument on standard Hosted Runners will lead to inconsistent data.

For the most accurate results, we recommend using CodSpeed Macro Runners: bare-metal machines fine-tuned for performance measurement consistency.

⚡ 1 improved benchmark
❌ 1 regressed benchmark
✅ 1273 untouched benchmarks

Warning

Please fix the performance issues or acknowledge them on CodSpeed.

Performance Changes

	Mode	Benchmark	BASE	HEAD	Efficiency
❌	Simulation	chunked_varbinview_canonical_into[(1000, 10)]	162.1 µs	198 µs	-18.12%
⚡	Simulation	chunked_varbinview_canonical_into[(100, 100)]	309.2 µs	273.2 µs	+13.16%

Tip

Investigate this regression by commenting @codspeedbot fix this regression on this PR, or directly use the CodSpeed MCP with your agent.

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_{Comparing claude/elegant-ptolemy-VxJVN (bd0e8c5) with develop (326b475)}