Summary:
- Add and update linter rules related to logging

  - Combine missing_linebreak_before_errmsg,
    missing_linebreak_before_errdetail, missing_linebreak_before_errhint
    to a single rule missing_linebreak_before_err

    - Additionally handle errcode in this rule
    - Avoid false positives with comments containing text such as
      "errmsg()"
    - Blacklist some files where upstream postgres breaks this rule

  - Add new rule missing_linebreak_before_paren_err

    - Make it a warning instead of error because upstream postgres
      breaks this rule several times

  - Add new rule missing_paren_before_err
  - Update likely_bad_capitalization_in_errmsg,
    likely_bad_lowercase_in_errdetail, likely_bad_lowercase_in_errhint

    - Capture more cases where "err" is preceded by opening parenthesis
    - Make likely_bad_lowercase_in_errhint handle errhint_plural as
      well, just like how likely_bad_lowercase_in_errdetail does it
      (this must have been missed previously)
    - Fix the regex to properly find bad casing (this must have been an
      oversight previously)

- Fix likely_bad_.*err.* rules manually, avoiding false positives, which
  were found in the following files:

  - verify_nbtree.c
  - cube.c
  - jsonb_plpython.c
  - passwordcheck.c
  - pgcrypto.c
  - heap_surgery.c
  - pqcomm.c
  - postgres.c
  - spell.c
  - jsonbsubs.c
  - varlena.c
  - plperl.c
  - ybgin.c
  - pg_yb_utils.c

  While at it, fix punctuation as well (errmsg should not have
  sentence-ending punctuation; errdetail/errhint should), fix
  grammar/spelling, and break long errmsg to errdetail/errhint where
  suitable.
Jira: DB-14732

Test Plan:
On Almalinux 8, zsh with EXTENDEDGLOB option:

    [ -z "$(arc lint src/postgres/**/*.{c,h} | grep missing_linebreak_before_err)" ]

Close: #25482
Jenkins: all tests

Reviewers: rbarigidad, vpatibandla, devansh.saxena

Reviewed By: devansh.saxena

Subscribers: ybase, yql, ycdcxcluster

Differential Revision: https://phorge.dev.yugabyte.com/D40958