Fix data corruption with expired column TTL and sparse serialization

[CurtizJ]

Changelog category (leave one):

• Bug Fix (user-visible misbehavior in an official stable release)

Changelog entry (a user-readable short description of the changes that goes into CHANGELOG.md):

Fixed possible data corruption in MergeTree tables with set column TTL.

Documentation entry for user-facing changes

• Documentation is written (mandatory for new features)

[clickhouse-gh]

Workflow [PR], commit [e56cffc]

Summary: ❌

job_name	test_name	status	info	comment
Stress test (amd_debug)		failure
	Server died	FAIL
	Hung check failed, possible deadlock found (see hung_check.log)	FAIL
	Killed by signal (in clickhouse-server.log)	FAIL
	Fatal message in clickhouse-server.log (see fatal_messages.txt)	FAIL
	Killed by signal (output files)	FAIL
	Found signal in gdb.log	FAIL
Stress test (amd_msan)		failure
	Server died	FAIL
	Hung check failed, possible deadlock found (see hung_check.log)	FAIL
	Killed by signal (in clickhouse-server.log)	FAIL
	Fatal message in clickhouse-server.log (see fatal_messages.txt)	FAIL
	Killed by signal (output files)	FAIL
	Found signal in gdb.log	FAIL

[CurtizJ]

Stress tests: #84669.

[Algunenano]

Introduced in #77166. Affects 25.7+

[rschu1ze]

Users affected by this issue can fix the data corruption by running a repair tool on their broken parts: #88192