feat(task): support numeric short ids

[birdmanmandbir]

Summary

• bump TaskChampion to v3.0.2-guion.58 for task short-id lookup
• display per-user numeric short IDs as Taskwarrior IDs when available
• resolve numeric task refs before UUID-prefix fallback, so short ID wins on ambiguity
• keep short_id out of exported task data and writeback payloads
• add PowerSync test schema coverage and short-id integration tests

Verification

• nix shell nixpkgs#cmake -c cmake --build build-test --target task_executable -j$(nproc)
• TASK_USE_PATH=1 PATH="$PWD/build-test/src:$PATH" python3 test/short_id.test.py
• TASK_USE_PATH=1 PATH="$PWD/build-test/src:$PATH" python3 test/filter_uuid_fastpath.test.py
• TASK_USE_PATH=1 PATH="$PWD/build-test/src:$PATH" python3 test/uuid.test.py
• git diff --check