3.1.1. Semantic features

OntoClass

Rappresentano la classe ontologica per nomi e verbi. Utilizziamo i Topics di Open Multilingual Wordnet, conosciuti anche come lexicographer files su Princeton WordNet. Non li utilizziamo per aggettivi e avverbi dato che non è presente una gerarchia per queste due classi.

POS	Topic	Abr	Definition
adj
	all	all	all adjective clusters
	pert	prt	relational adjectives (pertainyms)
	ppl	ppl	participial adjectives
adv
	all	all	all adverbs
noun
	Tops	top	unique beginner for nouns
	act	act	nouns denoting acts or actions
	animal	anm	nouns denoting animals or animal parts
	artifact	art	nouns denoting man-made objects
	attribute	att	nouns denoting attributes of people and objects
	body	bod	nouns denoting human body parts
	cognition	cog	nouns denoting cognitive processes and contents
	communication	com	nouns denoting communicative processes and contents, this includes languages and computation
	event	evt	nouns denoting natural events
	feeling	flg	nouns denoting feelings and emotions
	food	fod	nouns denoting foods and drinks
	group	grp	nouns denoting groupings of people or objects
	location	loc	nouns denoting spatial position
	motive	mtv	nouns denoting goals
	object	obj	nouns denoting natural objects (not man-made)
	person	per	nouns denoting people
	phenomenon	phn	nouns denoting natural phenomena
	plant	pln	nouns denoting plants or plant parts
	possession	pos	nouns denoting possession and transfer of possession
	process	prc	nouns denoting natural processes
	quantity	qnt	nouns denoting quantities and units of measure
	relation	rln	nouns denoting relations between people or things or ideas
	shape	shp	nouns denoting two and three dimensional shapes
	state	stt	nouns denoting stable states of affairs
	substance	sub	nouns denoting substances
	time	tim	nouns denoting time and temporal relations
verb
	body	bod	verbs of grooming, dressing and bodily care
	change	chn	verbs of size, temperature change, intensifying, etc
	cognition	cog	verbs of thinking, judging, analyzing, doubting
	communication	com	verbs of telling, asking, ordering, singing
	competition	cmp	verbs of fighting, athletic activities
	consumption	con	verbs of eating and drinking
	contact	cnt	verbs of touching, hitting, tying, digging
	creation	crt	verbs of sewing, baking, painting, performing
	emotion	emo	verbs of feeling
	motion	mot	verbs of walking, flying, swimming
	perception	pcp	verbs of seeing, hearing, feeling
	possession	pos	verbs of buying, selling, owning
	social	soc	verbs of political and social activities and events
	stative	stv	verbs of being, having, spatial relations
	weather	wet	verbs of raining, snowing, thawing, thundering

Aktionsart

E' possibile specificare l'aktionsart dei verbi. Abbiamo utilizzato lo schema di etichette da UniMorph, distinguendo però tra classi azionali e tratti.

• Tratti:

Trait	Label	Definition
Atelic	ATEL	The event has no terminal point/culmination.
Durative	DUR	The event can extend over a time span.
Dynamic	DYN	The event is dynamic (i.e, it is not a static situation)
Punctual	PCT	The event does not extend over a time span, has no duration.
Telic	TEL	The event has a terminal point/culmination.

• Classi (e corrispondenti combinazioni di tratti):

Class	Label	Traits
Accomplishment	ACCMP	DYN, TEL, DUR
Achievement	ACH	DYN, TEL, PCT
Activity	ACTY	DYN, ATEL, DUR
Semelfactive	SEMEL	DYN, ATEL, PCT
Stative	STAT	ATEL, DUR

Un elemento può essere constrained rispetto a una classe; tuttavia in alcuni casi può essere utile specificare un tratto per includere più classi che condividono quel tratto.

Proposte per ADJ e ADV?

Per gli aggettivi ci sono varie opzioni: da quello che ho capito ItalWordNet ha delle root per gli aggettivi ma è molto macchinoso da consultare, oppure esiste l'ontologia elaborata nel progetto PAROLE-SIMPLE-CLIPS . Per ora siamo rimasti che utilizziamo la classificazione di Dixon:

Class	Examples (adapted from Dixon 2004: 3-5)
dimension	grande 'big', piccolo 'small', lungo 'long', alto 'tall', corto 'short'
age	nuovo 'new', vecchio 'old', giovane 'young'
value	buono 'good', atroce 'atrocious', perfetto 'perfect', necessario 'necessary', strano 'strange'
colour	rosso 'red', giallo 'yellow', blu 'blue'
physical_property	duro 'hard', pesante 'heavy', umido 'wet', forte 'strong', pulito 'clean'
human_propensity	geloso 'jealous', intelligente 'intelligent', felice 'happy', orgoglioso 'proud', ansioso 'anxious'
speed	veloce 'fast', lento 'slow'
difficulty	difficile 'difficult, hard', facile 'easy'
similarity	simile 'similar', diverso 'different'
qualification	vero 'true', comune 'common', corretto 'correct', normale 'normal', ragionevole 'sensible', appropriato 'appropriate'
quantification	alcuni 'some', tutto/tutti 'all', poco/pochi 'few'
position	vicino 'near', distante 'distant'
cardinal_number	primo 'first', ultimo 'last'

Per gli avverbi ho trovato questa classificazione semantica dal progetto: Adjective-Adverb Interfaces in Romance , che però non include annotazione di dati dall'italiano

Class	definition
manner	Adverbs that characterizes a manner‑property of an element
quantity	quantify on a scale or a semantic characteristic or the degree of a semantic property expressed by the segment they modify
time	Adverbs expressing temporal circumstances
location	Adverbs expressing a local circumstance of the event expressed
discourse	Adverbs that express metalinguistic, pragmatic and/or discursive extra‑propositional characterizations or speaker‑attitudes
specification	Focus adverbs express a semantic specification of the segment they modify; their syntactic scope (attribution target) is mostly a noun or any syntagma without verb‑reference